Entrevistas

Un Marco Aurelio desconocido: Pablo Montoya reformula al emperador estoico

Cualquiera diría que un clásico único como las «Memorias de Adriano» de Marguerite Yourcenar no podría repetirse, pero el último libro del escritor colombiano Pablo Montoya se queda muy cerca. En «Marco Aurelio y los límites del Imperio» (Random House), el romano filósofo nos habla a nosotros mismos de manera totalmente distinta a como suele presentársenos en la cultura popular, humanizado y sensual, también trágico y melancólico. Una novela mágica y también oscura que nos habla desde unos tiempos de debacle a otros, como los nuestros, no menos angustiosos.

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cat\u00e1strofes se precipitan sobre la ciudad como una plaga de langostas. Primero la guerra incesante que amenaza las fronteras a golpe de incursiones b\u00e1rbaras. Despu\u00e9s, una terrible inundaci\u00f3n revienta los puentes de Roma y arrastra las casas y a la gente con ellas. Por \u00faltimo, el mal definitivo: la gran plaga. \u00abLa peste lleg\u00f3 a Roma tra\u00edda por las legiones de Lucio Vero\u00bb. As\u00ed arranca <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/tematicas\/347746-ebook-marco-aurelio-y-los-limites-del-imperio-9786287638501\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Marco Aurelio y los l\u00edmites del imperio<\/a><\/em><\/span> (Random House), la nueva novela <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/6981-pablo-montoya\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">del escritor colombiano Pablo Montoya<\/a><\/span>, quien logra aqu\u00ed algo tan extremadamente ambicioso como emular las legendarias <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/tematicas\/317681-audiolibro-memorias-de-adriano-9789877253672\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><em>Memorias de Adriano<\/em> de Marguerite Yourcenar<\/a><\/span> (y resultar, no obstante y al mismo tiempo, completamente original).<\/p><p>Montoya lleva dos a\u00f1os viviendo en Madrid mientras conclu\u00eda este libro de prosa tan excelsa como \u00edntima. Una novela que se atreve a tomar la voz de una de las figuras m\u00e1s conocidas de la historia de la humanidad, aquel emperador sabio y bueno del siglo II, guerrero a costa suya y adscrito al estoicismo, la filosof\u00eda de moda hoy entre mercachifles tecnol\u00f3gicos y <em>youtubers<\/em> residentes en Andorra.<\/p><p>A Montoya, que ya se ocup\u00f3 en una obra suya anterior de la antig\u00fcedad de la Ciudad Eterna y de c\u00f3mo pudo vivir su exilio el poeta Ovidio -<em>Lejos de Roma<\/em> se titula-, reley\u00f3 en los d\u00edas del coronavirus <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/tematicas\/38441-libro-meditaciones-serie-great-ideas-9788430601035\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">las<\/span> <em>Meditaciones<\/em> de Marco Aurelio<\/a> y un p\u00e1rrafo le sac\u00f3 del ensimismamiento pand\u00e9mico: \u00abEl tiempo de la vida humana, un punto; su sustancia, fluyente; su sensaci\u00f3n, turbia; la composici\u00f3n del conjunto del cuerpo, f\u00e1cilmente corruptible; su alma, una peonza; su fortuna, algo dif\u00edcil de conjeturar; su fama, indescifrable. 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Le\u00ed que esta novela le llev\u00f3 tres a\u00f1os y, teniendo en cuenta que arranca con la llegada de la peste a Roma, no parece dif\u00edcil se\u00f1alar su inspiraci\u00f3n. \u00bfEs un libro hijo de la pandemia?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> S\u00ed, el impulso para escribir <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/tematicas\/347746-ebook-marco-aurelio-y-los-limites-del-imperio-9786287638501\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Marco Aurelio y los l\u00edmites del Imperio<\/a><\/em><\/span>, que arranca el d\u00eda en que la peste llega a Roma, fue <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/mx\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/la-covid-hoy-como-convivir-con-el-virus-que-nos-derroto\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">la peste moderna del coronavirus<\/a><\/span>. Me pidieron entonces un art\u00edculo sobre literatura y pandemias y me encontr\u00e9 con la primera pandemia de Europa que fue a la que tuvo que enfrentarse Marco Aurelio. No fue una peste, en realidad, sino una especie de viruela que trajeron las legiones romanas de Oriente y diezm\u00f3 a la poblaci\u00f3n de Roma, donde llegaba a morir dos mil personas al d\u00eda. Fue as\u00ed aquel el comienzo de la debilitaci\u00f3n del Imperio. Comenc\u00e9 a indagar en lo ocurrido y me di cuente de que exist\u00edan muchas similitudes con nuestro siglo.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: El eco de <em>Memorias de Adriano<\/em> de Yourcenar es aqu\u00ed tan evidente, tan poco sutil, que uno podr\u00eda entender esta novela incluso como un homenaje. \u00bfEs as\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> El libro de Yourcenar est\u00e1 aqu\u00ed presente en muchos sentidos como el tratamiento literario o la relaci\u00f3n entre literatura y filosof\u00eda. Como en <em>Memorias de Adriano,<\/em> hay en estas p\u00e1ginas un emperador que est\u00e1 <em>ad portas<\/em> de morir y hace un recuento de su vida. Pero existe una sutil diferencia. El Adriano de Yourcenar se dirige por carta, de hecho, a Marco Aurelio, mientras que mi propio Marco Aurelio tiene un interlocutor fantasmal porque es un estoico en todo el sentido de la palabra, alguien que no cree en la perdurabilidad de la escritura y de la obra literaria. Es un esc\u00e9ptico de la gloria y asume que todos estamos condenados al olvido.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: La Roma Antigua est\u00e1 hoy m\u00e1s de moda que nunca pero, sin embargo, su novela es diferente a lo que suele publicarse.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> S\u00ed, Roma est\u00e1 de moda. Lo que ocurre es que hay un formato muy exitoso de novela hist\u00f3rica que transcurre en ese periodo que es demasiado espectacular, que parece querer optar r\u00e1pidamente a convertirse en pel\u00edcula de Hollywood. A m\u00ed me gusta otro modelo como el de Yourcenar en <em>Memorias de Adriano<\/em> o el de otro libro maravilloso que es <em>La muerte de Virgilio,<\/em> de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/650-hermann-broch\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Hermann Broch<\/a><\/span>. Este \u00faltimo, en concreto la parte en la que Virgilio habla con Augusto, me inspir\u00f3 directamente un cap\u00edtulo de mi novela, el titulado <em>La conversaci\u00f3n.<\/em><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"k753aly\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abPara separarme un poco de su presencia tan fuerte y tan canonizada, decid\u00ed <em>sensorializar<\/em> a Marco Aurelio. Volverle m\u00e1s humano, m\u00e1s epic\u00fareo; busqu\u00e9 tambi\u00e9n darle una mayor carnalidad y amplitud literaria a esos maestros que apenas quedan apuntados en las <em>Meditaciones\u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"t0531t6\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfEs posible que el interlocutor de Marco Aurelio en ese cap\u00edtulo al que se refiere, el c\u00ednico y enfermo Livio Tertulo, sea un trasunto de usted mismo?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Ja, ja, ja. S\u00ed, bien visto. Yo tambi\u00e9n andaba enfermo entonces con par\u00e1lisis f\u00e1cil que le pas\u00e9 al pobre Livio Tertulo. Pero adem\u00e1s me sirvi\u00f3 para cuestionar a mi protagonista. Siempre quise evitar loas al Imperio romano y al emperador. Y este escritor que puede criticar al emperador porque es amigo suyo me sirvi\u00f3 para ello. Es un personaje de ficci\u00f3n cuya mentalidad cr\u00edtica, sin embargo, est\u00e1 realmente atestiguada en aquella \u00e9poca. C\u00ednicos y tambi\u00e9n epic\u00fareos eran muy cr\u00edticos con las posturas militaristas que s\u00ed aceptaban estoicos como Marco Aurelio.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Las <em>Meditaciones<\/em> de Marco Aurelio es uno de los libros m\u00e1s le\u00eddos y admirados de todos los tiempos hasta hoy mismo. Esta novela inventa un segundo texto m\u00e1s \u00edntimo que habr\u00eda escrito el emperador\u2026<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Pero f\u00edjese que las <em>Meditaciones<\/em> no fue escrito para ser publicado. Se trata de anotaciones que Marco Aurelio fue apuntando mientras combat\u00eda contra los b\u00e1rbaros del norte. Algo as\u00ed como unos ejercicios espirituales para hacer fuerza cada d\u00eda y no sucumbir, tambi\u00e9n para dar las gracias a sus maestros que casi todos han muerto. Se trata de un libro muy melanc\u00f3lico, consciente de que todo lo devasta la enfermedad, la muerte y el olvido. Y mi novela est\u00e1 entretejida con las <em>Meditaciones.<\/em> Son doce cap\u00edtulos, como doce libros tiene tambi\u00e9n las <em>Meditaciones<\/em> sobre las que articulo mi propia historia. Gracias a esa estructura pude tambi\u00e9n limitarme. 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El problema del siglo II que no es precisamente prolijo en fuente. En ese sentido, el gran historiador Ronald Syme lleg\u00f3 a denunciar que Yourcenar se hab\u00eda basado para su retrato de Adriano en una falsificaci\u00f3n, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_Augusta\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><em>Historia Augusta.<\/em> <\/a><\/span>Otros, sin embargo, han replicado que no se debe confundir literatura e historia y que <em>Memorias de Adriano<\/em> forma parte, excelsa, del primer campo. \u00bfC\u00f3mo ve estas dif\u00edciles relaciones entre la historia y la ficci\u00f3n?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/487-marguerite-yourcenar\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Yourcenar<\/a><\/span> respondi\u00f3 a aquellas acusaciones asegurando que hab\u00eda investigado mucho para escribir <em>Memorias de Adriano.<\/em> Ella siempre busc\u00f3 que su novela fuera aceptada por el gremio de los historiadores, pero no lo consigui\u00f3. Seamos claros, su Adriano es solo suyo, es un personaje de ficci\u00f3n. La he le\u00eddo muchas veces pero la \u00faltima, cuando me dispon\u00eda a escribir <em>Marco Aurelio y los l\u00edmites del imperio,<\/em> me pareci\u00f3 detectar un Adriano casi insoportablemente afrancesado. Yo este problema ya lo resolv\u00ed hace tiempo: las novelas son novelas. Yo reinvento los personajes hist\u00f3ricos y los vuelvo ficci\u00f3n. En la ficci\u00f3n tienes libertad hasta para mentir. Pero vamos a <em>Historia Augusta.<\/em> Es un libro maravilloso lleno de chismes y an\u00e9cdotas. Y es la fuente de todos los historiadores porque no hay mucho m\u00e1s sobre los emperadores del siglo II. De Marco Aurelio cuenta, por ejemplo, que cuando perdi\u00f3 a su esposa se consigui\u00f3 una concubina en su medio cercano. Pero no cuenta qui\u00e9n es. As\u00ed que yo la invent\u00e9 un nombre y un origen griego, le di carnalidad literaria. Las <em>Meditaciones<\/em> est\u00e1n escritas en griego como usted bien 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Usted dice que este libro suyo Marco Aurelio lo escribe en lat\u00edn.<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Eso es. Los ni\u00f1os de la nobleza romana en tiempos de Marco Aurelio ten\u00edan casi todos nodrizas griegas, esclavas que primero les amamantaban y despu\u00e9s les ense\u00f1aban su lengua. Por eso la ra\u00edz del amor del emperador a lo griego es sensorial, casi er\u00f3tica. Le reconozco que dud\u00e9 mucho sobre si erotizar a Marco Aurelio porque es un emperador que recordamos pr\u00e1cticamente como un santo, un santo estoico sin sensualidad. Tal vez comet\u00ed una imprudencia.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Escribir en primera persona, ponerse en la piel del emperador sabio admirado por todos, \u00bfno le hac\u00eda correr el riesgo de caer presa acr\u00edtica de su embrujo?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> \u00a1Claro! 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El emperador fue una figura ciertamente dram\u00e1tica. Un sabio que hubiera querido pasarse la vida en palacio leyendo y filosofando y que se vio obligado a hacer la guerra casi toda su vida.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> No solamente era un emperador sabio, tambi\u00e9n fue un emperador enclenque, enfermo, con \u00falcera, insomne, consumidor de opio al que tal vez fuera adicto\u2026 \u00c9l hace la guerra porque es un noble romano que tiene que defender la idea de Roma frente a los b\u00e1rbaros. Una idea de tolerancia y libertad que dulcifica el trato con los esclavos. Es un emperador bueno al que no le queda m\u00e1s remedio que hacer la guerra.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfLa peste aliment\u00f3 la superstici\u00f3n y la irracionalidad en tiempos de Marco Aurelio al igual que la pandemia del coronavirus ha hecho en nuestro tiempo?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Juego con la figura de un Marco Aurelio que cree en la providencia como estoico pero tambi\u00e9n, como emperador, en la protecci\u00f3n de los dioses y, aunque no est\u00e9 claro si cree en ellos, los saca, por ejemplo, cuando la enfermedad llega a Roma porque es consciente de su utilidad social. Al mismo tiempo, repudia a los mes\u00edas y charlatanes.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfAs\u00ed ve a los cristianos?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Algo as\u00ed. Pero creo que se ha exagerado su persecuci\u00f3n de los cristianos. Es cierto que hubo un episodio as\u00ed en Lyon, pero no est\u00e1 claro que la orden de asesinarlos en el anfiteatro viniera de \u00e9l. Yo lo dudo mucho. Dir\u00eda que en realidad fue tolerante con todos los cultos religiosos y con los cristianos en particular. Lo \u00fanico que no aceptaba es su gusto por el martirio y su desobediencia. Como le pas\u00f3 con el cristiano Justino al que mand\u00f3 decapitar.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00abCuando los dioses ya no exist\u00edan y Cristo no hab\u00eda aparecido a\u00fan, hubo un momento \u00fanico, desde Cicer\u00f3n hasta Marco Aurelio, en que solo estuvo el hombre\u00bb,<\/strong><strong> escribi\u00f3 Yourcenar en <em>Memorias de Adriano.<\/em> \u00bfMarco Aurelio fue el \u00faltimo hombre solo antes de que el cristianismo anule la individualidad y cambie el esp\u00edritu humano?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Bueno, yo creo que es otra idealizaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s de Yourcenar. Un individuo, un hombre de paz que le sirvi\u00f3 a la escritora para oponerlo a la \u00e9poca en la que vivi\u00f3, al fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y en v\u00edsperas de la Guerra Fr\u00eda. \u00a1Pero Adriano fue un tipo sanguinario! Yourcenar inventa un Adriano para su propio tiempo.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"jd1czwz\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abEche usted un ojo a los payasos horrorosos que nos dominan: Putin, Trump, Biden\u2026 Podr\u00eda decir incluso que hoy vivimos un momento peor que aquel que abism\u00f3 al Imperio romano en un siglo de guerra civiles. Hoy nos jugamos la propia destrucci\u00f3n de la Humanidad. Los romanos no ten\u00edan ojivas nucleares...\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"n38qkj3\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfToda novela hist\u00f3rica, como creo que dijo <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/borges-en-estados-unidos\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Borges<\/a><\/span> en referencia al <em>Salamb\u00f3<\/em>\u00a0de Flaubert, dice m\u00e1s del tiempo en que se escribe que del tiempo lejano al que se refiere?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> \u00a1La m\u00eda tambi\u00e9n! Intent\u00e9 responder a una pregunta: \u00bfqu\u00e9 hace un hombre de poder en tiempos de debacle? Porque hoy tambi\u00e9n vivimos tiempos de debacle, no solo por la pandemia. Eche un ojo a los payasos horrorosos que nos dominan: Putin, Trump, Biden\u2026 Podr\u00eda decir incluso que hoy vivimos un momento peor que aquel que abism\u00f3 al Imperio romano en un siglo de guerra civiles. Hoy nos jugamos la propia destrucci\u00f3n de la Humanidad. Los romanos no ten\u00edan ojivas nucleares. Y toda civilizaci\u00f3n es perecedera.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfLas <em>Meditaciones<\/em> de un emperador romano de hace dos mil a\u00f1os nos pueden ayudar hoy a vivir mejor? A m\u00ed lo que me pasa con el estoicismo es que me parece tan racional como falto de apasionamiento\u2026<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Hay cosas del estoicismo de las <em>Meditaciones<\/em> que nos pueden valer hoy. S\u00e9 humilde, no atiendas a lo que dicen de ti, haz lo que debas con dignidad\u2026 Y todo esto sin dioses. Por eso sigue siendo <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/recomendaciones\/lecturas\/libros-de-filosofia-breve-para-tu-dia-a-dia\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">un libro tan exitoso en nuestro actual<\/a><\/span> mundo seglar. Ahora, lo que ya me convence menos son esas tendencias <em>neoestoicas<\/em> relacionadas con el empresariado.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Dicen que el estoicismo es la nueva autoayuda, la filosof\u00eda de Elon Musk y Silicon Valley, y un c\u00e9lebre <em>youtuber<\/em> musculoso, Llados, recomienda a sus seguidores no leer muchos libros, sino leer solo uno, una y otra vez: las <em>Meditaciones<\/em> de Marco Aurelio. \u00bfEs esta una aciaga victoria del estoicismo?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Pablo Montoya:<\/strong> Es cierto que en su evoluci\u00f3n el estoicismo acab\u00f3 por relacionarse con el poder romano. No es como el epicure\u00edsmo o, a\u00fan m\u00e1s, como el cinismo que se opone por definici\u00f3n a todo poder. Pero los poderes tecnol\u00f3gicos actuales han manipulado todo eso. Porque adem\u00e1s pensemos una cosa. Marco Aurelio levant\u00f3 tremendas esperanzas porque por primera vez un fil\u00f3sofo fuera emperador y el resultado final fue catastr\u00f3fico. Dej\u00f3 un imperio en crisis que ya no se iba a recuperar del 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class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/shy-de-max-porter-mas-rabia-mas-furia-y-mas-desapego\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">\u00abShy\u00bb, de Max Porter: m\u00e1s rabia, m\u00e1s furia y m\u00e1s desapego<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/autofagia-el-feroz-salto-al-vacio-de-alaide-ventura-medina\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">\u00abAutofagia\u00bb, el feroz salto al vac\u00edo de Ala\u00edde Ventura Medina<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/catherine-nixey-herejia-jesucristo\\\" 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15 minutos

Por  Daniel Arjona

Estatua de Marco Aurelio en la plaza del Capitolio de Roma, Italia. Crédito: Getty Images.

Estatua de Marco Aurelio en la plaza del Capitolio de Roma, Italia. Crédito: Getty Images.

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Las catástrofes se precipitan sobre la ciudad como una plaga de langostas. Primero la guerra incesante que amenaza las fronteras a golpe de incursiones bárbaras. Después, una terrible inundación revienta los puentes de Roma y arrastra las casas y a la gente con ellas. Por último, el mal definitivo: la gran plaga. «La peste llegó a Roma traída por las legiones de Lucio Vero». Así arranca Marco Aurelio y los límites del imperio (Random House), la nueva novela del escritor colombiano Pablo Montoya, quien logra aquí algo tan extremadamente ambicioso como emular las legendarias Memorias de Adriano de Marguerite Yourcenar (y resultar, no obstante y al mismo tiempo, completamente original).

Montoya lleva dos años viviendo en Madrid mientras concluía este libro de prosa tan excelsa como íntima. Una novela que se atreve a tomar la voz de una de las figuras más conocidas de la historia de la humanidad, aquel emperador sabio y bueno del siglo II, guerrero a costa suya y adscrito al estoicismo, la filosofía de moda hoy entre mercachifles tecnológicos y youtubers residentes en Andorra.

A Montoya, que ya se ocupó en una obra suya anterior de la antigüedad de la Ciudad Eterna y de cómo pudo vivir su exilio el poeta Ovidio -Lejos de Roma se titula-, releyó en los días del coronavirus las Meditaciones de Marco Aurelio y un párrafo le sacó del ensimismamiento pandémico: «El tiempo de la vida humana, un punto; su sustancia, fluyente; su sensación, turbia; la composición del conjunto del cuerpo, fácilmente corruptible; su alma, una peonza; su fortuna, algo difícil de conjeturar; su fama, indescifrable. En pocas palabras: todo lo que pertenece al cuerpo, un río; sueño y vapor, lo que es propio del alma; la vida, guerra y estancia en tierra extraña; la fama póstuma, olvido. ¿Qué, pues, puede darnos compañía? Única y exclusivamente la filosofía».

A Pablo Montoya no le quedó más remedio que ponerse a escribir.

  • ¡En oferta!
  • -5%

Marco Aurelio y los límites del imperio

"En esta extraordinaria novela, Pablo Montoya nos ofrece una evocación que conjuga -de manera vivaz y dramática- lo novelesco con los datos del pasado y una admiración luminosa hacia este inolvidable personaje histórico". Carlos García Gual
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LENGUA: Leí que esta novela le llevó tres años y, teniendo en cuenta que arranca con la llegada de la peste a Roma, no parece difícil señalar su inspiración. ¿Es un libro hijo de la pandemia?

Pablo Montoya: Sí, el impulso para escribir Marco Aurelio y los límites del Imperio, que arranca el día en que la peste llega a Roma, fue la peste moderna del coronavirus. Me pidieron entonces un artículo sobre literatura y pandemias y me encontré con la primera pandemia de Europa que fue a la que tuvo que enfrentarse Marco Aurelio. No fue una peste, en realidad, sino una especie de viruela que trajeron las legiones romanas de Oriente y diezmó a la población de Roma, donde llegaba a morir dos mil personas al día. Fue así aquel el comienzo de la debilitación del Imperio. Comencé a indagar en lo ocurrido y me di cuente de que existían muchas similitudes con nuestro siglo.

LENGUA: El eco de Memorias de Adriano de Yourcenar es aquí tan evidente, tan poco sutil, que uno podría entender esta novela incluso como un homenaje. ¿Es así?

Pablo Montoya: El libro de Yourcenar está aquí presente en muchos sentidos como el tratamiento literario o la relación entre literatura y filosofía. Como en Memorias de Adriano, hay en estas páginas un emperador que está ad portas de morir y hace un recuento de su vida. Pero existe una sutil diferencia. El Adriano de Yourcenar se dirige por carta, de hecho, a Marco Aurelio, mientras que mi propio Marco Aurelio tiene un interlocutor fantasmal porque es un estoico en todo el sentido de la palabra, alguien que no cree en la perdurabilidad de la escritura y de la obra literaria. Es un escéptico de la gloria y asume que todos estamos condenados al olvido. 

LENGUA: La Roma Antigua está hoy más de moda que nunca pero, sin embargo, su novela es diferente a lo que suele publicarse.

Pablo Montoya: Sí, Roma está de moda. Lo que ocurre es que hay un formato muy exitoso de novela histórica que transcurre en ese periodo que es demasiado espectacular, que parece querer optar rápidamente a convertirse en película de Hollywood. A mí me gusta otro modelo como el de Yourcenar en Memorias de Adriano o el de otro libro maravilloso que es La muerte de Virgilio, de Hermann Broch. Este último, en concreto la parte en la que Virgilio habla con Augusto, me inspiró directamente un capítulo de mi novela, el titulado La conversación.

«Para separarme un poco de su presencia tan fuerte y tan canonizada, decidí sensorializar a Marco Aurelio. Volverle más humano, más epicúreo; busqué también darle una mayor carnalidad y amplitud literaria a esos maestros que apenas quedan apuntados en las Meditaciones».

LENGUA: ¿Es posible que el interlocutor de Marco Aurelio en ese capítulo al que se refiere, el cínico y enfermo Livio Tertulo, sea un trasunto de usted mismo?

Pablo Montoya: Ja, ja, ja. Sí, bien visto. Yo también andaba enfermo entonces con parálisis fácil que le pasé al pobre Livio Tertulo. Pero además me sirvió para cuestionar a mi protagonista. Siempre quise evitar loas al Imperio romano y al emperador. Y este escritor que puede criticar al emperador porque es amigo suyo me sirvió para ello. Es un personaje de ficción cuya mentalidad crítica, sin embargo, está realmente atestiguada en aquella época. Cínicos y también epicúreos eran muy críticos con las posturas militaristas que sí aceptaban estoicos como Marco Aurelio.

LENGUA: Las Meditaciones de Marco Aurelio es uno de los libros más leídos y admirados de todos los tiempos hasta hoy mismo. Esta novela inventa un segundo texto más íntimo que habría escrito el emperador…

Pablo Montoya: Pero fíjese que las Meditaciones no fue escrito para ser publicado. Se trata de anotaciones que Marco Aurelio fue apuntando mientras combatía contra los bárbaros del norte. Algo así como unos ejercicios espirituales para hacer fuerza cada día y no sucumbir, también para dar las gracias a sus maestros que casi todos han muerto. Se trata de un libro muy melancólico, consciente de que todo lo devasta la enfermedad, la muerte y el olvido. Y mi novela está entretejida con las Meditaciones. Son doce capítulos, como doce libros tiene también las Meditaciones sobre las que articulo mi propia historia. Gracias a esa estructura pude también limitarme. En caso contario, teniendo en cuenta todo lo que leí y me documenté, podría todavía seguir escribiendo.

Pablo Montoya. Crédito: D. R.

Pablo Montoya. Crédito: D. R.

LENGUA: El problema del siglo II que no es precisamente prolijo en fuente. En ese sentido, el gran historiador Ronald Syme llegó a denunciar que Yourcenar se había basado para su retrato de Adriano en una falsificación, Historia Augusta. Otros, sin embargo, han replicado que no se debe confundir literatura e historia y que Memorias de Adriano forma parte, excelsa, del primer campo. ¿Cómo ve estas difíciles relaciones entre la historia y la ficción?

Pablo Montoya: Yourcenar respondió a aquellas acusaciones asegurando que había investigado mucho para escribir Memorias de Adriano. Ella siempre buscó que su novela fuera aceptada por el gremio de los historiadores, pero no lo consiguió. Seamos claros, su Adriano es solo suyo, es un personaje de ficción. La he leído muchas veces pero la última, cuando me disponía a escribir Marco Aurelio y los límites del imperio, me pareció detectar un Adriano casi insoportablemente afrancesado. Yo este problema ya lo resolví hace tiempo: las novelas son novelas. Yo reinvento los personajes históricos y los vuelvo ficción. En la ficción tienes libertad hasta para mentir. Pero vamos a Historia Augusta. Es un libro maravilloso lleno de chismes y anécdotas. Y es la fuente de todos los historiadores porque no hay mucho más sobre los emperadores del siglo II. De Marco Aurelio cuenta, por ejemplo, que cuando perdió a su esposa se consiguió una concubina en su medio cercano. Pero no cuenta quién es. Así que yo la inventé un nombre y un origen griego, le di carnalidad literaria. Las Meditaciones están escritas en griego como usted bien sabe.

«No solamente era un emperador sabio, Marco Aurelio también fue un emperador enclenque, enfermo, con úlcera, insomne, consumidor de opio al que tal vez fuera adicto… Él hace la guerra porque es un noble romano que tiene que defender la idea de Roma frente a los bárbaros».

LENGUA: Usted dice que este libro suyo Marco Aurelio lo escribe en latín.

Pablo Montoya: Eso es. Los niños de la nobleza romana en tiempos de Marco Aurelio tenían casi todos nodrizas griegas, esclavas que primero les amamantaban y después les enseñaban su lengua. Por eso la raíz del amor del emperador a lo griego es sensorial, casi erótica. Le reconozco que dudé mucho sobre si erotizar a Marco Aurelio porque es un emperador que recordamos prácticamente como un santo, un santo estoico sin sensualidad. Tal vez cometí una imprudencia.

LENGUA: Escribir en primera persona, ponerse en la piel del emperador sabio admirado por todos, ¿no le hacía correr el riesgo de caer presa acrítica de su embrujo?

Pablo Montoya: ¡Claro! Justamente por eso, para separarme un poco de esa presencia tan fuerte y tan canonizada, decidí sensorializarlo, como decía, volverle más humano, más epicúreo, le di esa relación con la esclava y busqué también darle una mayor carnalidad y amplitud literaria a esos maestros que apenas quedan apuntados en las Meditaciones.

Detalle de la columna de Marco Aurelio en la plaza Colonna de Roma. Crédito: Getty Images.

Detalle de la columna de Marco Aurelio en la plaza Colonna de Roma. Crédito: Getty Images.

LENGUA: El emperador fue una figura ciertamente dramática. Un sabio que hubiera querido pasarse la vida en palacio leyendo y filosofando y que se vio obligado a hacer la guerra casi toda su vida. 

Pablo Montoya: No solamente era un emperador sabio, también fue un emperador enclenque, enfermo, con úlcera, insomne, consumidor de opio al que tal vez fuera adicto… Él hace la guerra porque es un noble romano que tiene que defender la idea de Roma frente a los bárbaros. Una idea de tolerancia y libertad que dulcifica el trato con los esclavos. Es un emperador bueno al que no le queda más remedio que hacer la guerra.

LENGUA: ¿La peste alimentó la superstición y la irracionalidad en tiempos de Marco Aurelio al igual que la pandemia del coronavirus ha hecho en nuestro tiempo?

Pablo Montoya: Juego con la figura de un Marco Aurelio que cree en la providencia como estoico pero también, como emperador, en la protección de los dioses y, aunque no esté claro si cree en ellos, los saca, por ejemplo, cuando la enfermedad llega a Roma porque es consciente de su utilidad social. Al mismo tiempo, repudia a los mesías y charlatanes.

LENGUA: ¿Así ve a los cristianos?

Pablo Montoya: Algo así. Pero creo que se ha exagerado su persecución de los cristianos. Es cierto que hubo un episodio así en Lyon, pero no está claro que la orden de asesinarlos en el anfiteatro viniera de él. Yo lo dudo mucho. Diría que en realidad fue tolerante con todos los cultos religiosos y con los cristianos en particular. Lo único que no aceptaba es su gusto por el martirio y su desobediencia. Como le pasó con el cristiano Justino al que mandó decapitar. 

LENGUA: «Cuando los dioses ya no existían y Cristo no había aparecido aún, hubo un momento único, desde Cicerón hasta Marco Aurelio, en que solo estuvo el hombre», escribió Yourcenar en Memorias de Adriano. ¿Marco Aurelio fue el último hombre solo antes de que el cristianismo anule la individualidad y cambie el espíritu humano?

Pablo Montoya: Bueno, yo creo que es otra idealización más de Yourcenar. Un individuo, un hombre de paz que le sirvió a la escritora para oponerlo a la época en la que vivió, al fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y en vísperas de la Guerra Fría. ¡Pero Adriano fue un tipo sanguinario! Yourcenar inventa un Adriano para su propio tiempo.

«Eche usted un ojo a los payasos horrorosos que nos dominan: Putin, Trump, Biden… Podría decir incluso que hoy vivimos un momento peor que aquel que abismó al Imperio romano en un siglo de guerra civiles. Hoy nos jugamos la propia destrucción de la Humanidad. Los romanos no tenían ojivas nucleares...».

LENGUA: ¿Toda novela histórica, como creo que dijo Borges en referencia al Salambó de Flaubert, dice más del tiempo en que se escribe que del tiempo lejano al que se refiere?

Pablo Montoya: ¡La mía también! Intenté responder a una pregunta: ¿qué hace un hombre de poder en tiempos de debacle? Porque hoy también vivimos tiempos de debacle, no solo por la pandemia. Eche un ojo a los payasos horrorosos que nos dominan: Putin, Trump, Biden… Podría decir incluso que hoy vivimos un momento peor que aquel que abismó al Imperio romano en un siglo de guerra civiles. Hoy nos jugamos la propia destrucción de la Humanidad. Los romanos no tenían ojivas nucleares. Y toda civilización es perecedera.

LENGUA: ¿Las Meditaciones de un emperador romano de hace dos mil años nos pueden ayudar hoy a vivir mejor? A mí lo que me pasa con el estoicismo es que me parece tan racional como falto de apasionamiento…

Pablo Montoya: Hay cosas del estoicismo de las Meditaciones que nos pueden valer hoy. Sé humilde, no atiendas a lo que dicen de ti, haz lo que debas con dignidad… Y todo esto sin dioses. Por eso sigue siendo un libro tan exitoso en nuestro actual mundo seglar. Ahora, lo que ya me convence menos son esas tendencias neoestoicas relacionadas con el empresariado. 

LENGUA: Dicen que el estoicismo es la nueva autoayuda, la filosofía de Elon Musk y Silicon Valley, y un célebre youtuber musculoso, Llados, recomienda a sus seguidores no leer muchos libros, sino leer solo uno, una y otra vez: las Meditaciones de Marco Aurelio. ¿Es esta una aciaga victoria del estoicismo?

Pablo Montoya: Es cierto que en su evolución el estoicismo acabó por relacionarse con el poder romano. No es como el epicureísmo o, aún más, como el cinismo que se opone por definición a todo poder. Pero los poderes tecnológicos actuales han manipulado todo eso. Porque además pensemos una cosa. Marco Aurelio levantó tremendas esperanzas porque por primera vez un filósofo fuera emperador y el resultado final fue catastrófico. Dejó un imperio en crisis que ya no se iba a recuperar del todo.

OTROS CONTENIDOS DE INTERÉS:

«Shy», de Max Porter: más rabia, más furia y más desapego

«Autofagia», el feroz salto al vacío de Alaíde Ventura Medina

Catherine Nixey: «Lo llamativo de las versiones de Jesús no es que haya habido tantas, sino que solo haya prevalecido una»

Geoff Dyer, el increíble escritor mutante

Guillermo Lahera, un psiquiatra con alma: «Ni los genes ni el capitalismo bastan por sí solos para entender la enfermedad mental»

Cynthia Rimsky, del humor corrosivo a la ironía cariñosa

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