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Empáticas y cantarinas: de cómo las ballenas nos acercan al sueño del doctor Doolittle

En 2015, el cineasta y biólogo Tom Mustill observaba ballenas frente a la costa de California cuando una colosal jorobada se abalanzó sobre su kayak y casi lo mata. Tras viralizarse un vídeo del suceso, el científico se obsesionó con intentar averiguar qué se le pasó por la mente a la ballena para hacer lo que hizo. Pero, claro, no podía hablar con ella para preguntárselo... ¿O tal vez sí? Poco después, mientras rodaba una película sobre aquella experiencia, Mustill descubrió que quizá no fuera una idea tan descabellada. ¿Y si los animales y los humanos pudieran hablar entre sí? La respuesta a esta pregunta se encuentra en «Cómo hablar balleno. La sorpresa, el placer y el valor de escuchar a los animales» (Taurus, 2024), un ensayo enormemente original sobre la posibilidad y las consecuencias de una (¿inminente?) comunicación entre especies. A continuación, en LENGUA publicamos un breve extracto del libro y lanzamos al aire otra cuestión: llegado el momento, ¿estaremos preparados para escuchar lo que los animales pueden contarnos?

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d\u00eda, los algoritmos de internet se apercibieron de que me gustaban las historias sobre cet\u00e1ceos y me informaron acerca de una manada de delfines jorobados salvajes que viv\u00eda en Queensland, Australia. A estos animales los suele alimentar la gente que hace cola junto a una cafeter\u00eda, y las interacciones interespec\u00edficas son all\u00ed de lo m\u00e1s habitual. Durante el encierro forzoso a consecuencia de la pandemia de COVID-19, los delfines se quedaron sin comida ni contacto humano durante semanas. Y se dedicaron a dejar en la costa \u00abregalos\u00bb, como esponjas de mar, botellas cubiertas de percebes y trozos de coral.\u00a0 \u00bfQu\u00e9 ideas sobre el mundo y los humanos, sobre la causa y el efecto, sobre otras mentes, y qu\u00e9 motivaciones para hacer regalos bull\u00edan en esos cerebros de delf\u00edn? \u00bfQu\u00e9 impulsaba exactamente ese comportamiento? \u00bfA qui\u00e9n se le ocurri\u00f3? \u00bfD\u00f3nde lo aprendieron? \u00bfEstaban hambrientos? \u00bfO se sent\u00edan, tambi\u00e9n, solos?\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>Cuanto m\u00e1s me sumerg\u00eda en la literatura cient\u00edfica y las noticias, m\u00e1s me sorprend\u00eda lo aficionados que parecen ser los cet\u00e1ceos a las interacciones interespec\u00edficas. Los <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Globicephala\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">calderones<\/a><\/span> se sienten atra\u00eddos por las llamadas de las orcas que se alimentan de peces (y que no representan, por tanto, ning\u00fan peligro) y nadan hacia ellas para pasar el rato en su compa\u00f1\u00eda. Las <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/animalia.bio\/index.php\/es\/false-killer-whale\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">falsas orcas<\/a><\/span> de Nueva Zelanda parecen forjar \u00abamistades\u00bb con los delfines mulares comunes. Resulta que no se trata de sucesos puntuales, aleatorios ni fugaces, tampoco de asociaciones oportunistas. Los cient\u00edficos descubrieron que algunos ejemplares de delf\u00edn mular vinculados con los de falsas orcas permanec\u00edan juntos durante m\u00e1s de cinco a\u00f1os y recorr\u00edan cientos de kil\u00f3metros. 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Estas siguieron de inmediato a Moko a trav\u00e9s de una brecha en el banco de arena, y lograron as\u00ed adentrarse en el 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se ha descubierto que las ballenas jorobadas acuden al rescate de otras especies acosadas, sobre todo cuando las acosadoras son orcas. Se han registrado m\u00e1s de cien incidentes en los que las ballenas jorobadas se lanzan a la carga para proteger no solo a sus cong\u00e9neres, sino tambi\u00e9n a otras ballenas, a delfines, a focas y hasta a los gigantescos <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.fishipedia.es\/pez\/mola-mola\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">peces luna<\/a><\/span>, de sus depredadores, interponi\u00e9ndose entre estos y sus presas, e incluso sacan del agua a las focas y a los leones marinos sobre sus lomos para ponerlos a salvo. En la bah\u00eda de Monterrey, presenci\u00e9 c\u00f3mo un grupo de jorobadas luchaba contra dos manadas de ballenas asesinas e intentaba alimentar a un ballenato que estas hab\u00edan matado. Pasaron d\u00edas protegiendo aquel cad\u00e1ver. No est\u00e1 claro qu\u00e9 ganan las jorobadas con todas estas agotadoras interacciones, que entra\u00f1an un peligro considerable para ellas. \u00bfEs que hay bandos enfrentados en el mar?\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>Pero, bien mirado, lo de colaborar con otra especie es cualquier cosa menos una locura, pues ocurre a diario. El mundo se mantiene unido gracias a las simbiosis mutualistas. Se sabe que la cooperaci\u00f3n es un factor tan importante en la evoluci\u00f3n como la competencia. \u00bfAsociarse para obtener beneficios mutuos, dar palmadas en el mar y compartir alimentos? Muy bien, pero \u00bfy si estuvi\u00e9ramos en realidad ante algo mucho m\u00e1s importante y valioso para nosotros, los humanos, una conexi\u00f3n m\u00e1s profunda, la capacidad de ponerse en la mente del otro? Mientras investigaba la historia de los cazadores de ballenas de Eden, encontr\u00e9 una grabaci\u00f3n de una entrevista que le hicieron a Ted Thomas, Guboo, casi al final de su larga vida. En ella contaba c\u00f3mo las orcas \u00abconvocaban\u00bb a su padre y a su abuelo para cazar, a veces en plena noche, mientras dorm\u00edan. Pero lo que m\u00e1s me fascin\u00f3 fue una historia diferente cuyo protagonista era un cet\u00e1ceo diferente: la de su pueblo \u00abcant\u00e1ndoles a los delfines\u00bb para pedirles ayuda. Cuando era ni\u00f1o, Guboo acompa\u00f1\u00f3 una vez a su abuelo, que hab\u00eda descubierto un banco de peces, hasta la orilla. El abuelo corri\u00f3 hacia el agua, la golpe\u00f3 con palos, bail\u00f3 y cant\u00f3. Al cabo de un rato, aparecieron los delfines, que empujaron a los peces hasta la orilla y los sacaron del agua, donde los hombres los capturaron (una relaci\u00f3n interespec\u00edfica opuesta a la que las orcas manten\u00edan con los balleneros, pues aqu\u00ed eran los humanos quienes ejecutaban las se\u00f1ales). Un detalle de aquella entrevista se me qued\u00f3 grabado. Guboo cont\u00f3 que, cuando la cacer\u00eda ya hab\u00eda concluido, su abuelo se adentr\u00f3 en el oc\u00e9ano y se qued\u00f3 all\u00ed, con el agua por la cintura. Entonces un gran delf\u00edn nad\u00f3 hacia \u00e9l y puso la cabeza sobre su brazo. El hombre acarici\u00f3 al delf\u00edn y le habl\u00f3, y \u00abel delf\u00edn le respondi\u00f3 con un chi-chi-chi-chii-chi-chi-chi-chiiichiii. Hablaba con el abuelo y el abuelo hablaba con \u00e9l\u00bb. Cuando la conversaci\u00f3n termin\u00f3, el delf\u00edn se alej\u00f3 nadando, dio dos volteretas y desapareci\u00f3.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>Me habr\u00eda encantado verlo, grabarlo. Pero es solo una historia y, como muchas de las que se cuentan en este cap\u00edtulo, no vale como prueba cient\u00edfica. \u00bfSe comunic\u00f3 de verdad el abuelo de Guboo con el delf\u00edn? \u00bfPuede alguien realmente \u00abhablar\u00bb con un cet\u00e1ceo? Necesitaba pasar de lo anecd\u00f3tico al mundo, m\u00e1s concreto, de los datos, de los hechos, de las cosas tangibles, mensurables. \u00bfQu\u00e9 podemos deducir sobre las comunicaciones de los cet\u00e1ceos a partir de su cuerpo, cerebro y comportamientos? 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cagarla.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"m3wojwn\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/extracto-su-olor-despues-de-la-lluvia-cedric-sapin-defour\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Amar a un perro es aceptar una vida de alegr\u00eda, dedicaci\u00f3n y (s\u00ed, tambi\u00e9n) tristeza<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/nacio-siendo-perro-murio-siendo-caballero\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Naci\u00f3 siendo perro, muri\u00f3 siendo caballero<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/virginia-mendoza-la-sed-sequia-escasez-desertizacion\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Somos agua en busca de agua: de c\u00f3mo la 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5 minutos

Por  Tom Mustill

Acuarela que refleja el (terrible) devenir de una de las primeras expediciones balleneras estadounidenses, la cual tuvo lugar en 1875. Crédito: Getty Images.

Acuarela que refleja el (terrible) devenir de una de las primeras expediciones balleneras estadounidenses, la cual tuvo lugar en 1875. Crédito: Getty Images.

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Un día, los algoritmos de internet se apercibieron de que me gustaban las historias sobre cetáceos y me informaron acerca de una manada de delfines jorobados salvajes que vivía en Queensland, Australia. A estos animales los suele alimentar la gente que hace cola junto a una cafetería, y las interacciones interespecíficas son allí de lo más habitual. Durante el encierro forzoso a consecuencia de la pandemia de COVID-19, los delfines se quedaron sin comida ni contacto humano durante semanas. Y se dedicaron a dejar en la costa «regalos», como esponjas de mar, botellas cubiertas de percebes y trozos de coral.  ¿Qué ideas sobre el mundo y los humanos, sobre la causa y el efecto, sobre otras mentes, y qué motivaciones para hacer regalos bullían en esos cerebros de delfín? ¿Qué impulsaba exactamente ese comportamiento? ¿A quién se le ocurrió? ¿Dónde lo aprendieron? ¿Estaban hambrientos? ¿O se sentían, también, solos?  

Cuanto más me sumergía en la literatura científica y las noticias, más me sorprendía lo aficionados que parecen ser los cetáceos a las interacciones interespecíficas. Los calderones se sienten atraídos por las llamadas de las orcas que se alimentan de peces (y que no representan, por tanto, ningún peligro) y nadan hacia ellas para pasar el rato en su compañía. Las falsas orcas de Nueva Zelanda parecen forjar «amistades» con los delfines mulares comunes. Resulta que no se trata de sucesos puntuales, aleatorios ni fugaces, tampoco de asociaciones oportunistas. Los científicos descubrieron que algunos ejemplares de delfín mular vinculados con los de falsas orcas permanecían juntos durante más de cinco años y recorrían cientos de kilómetros. Ambas criaturas, tan diferentes en cuanto a tamaño, forma y dieta, emprendían juntas largos viajes oceánicos, compartiendo sus vidas. Hay en Irlanda un delfín solitario que se acerca a menudo a los barcos y se ha hecho amigo de uno de los perros de un capitán. En 2008 una hembra de cachalote pigmeo y su cría se quedaron varadas en un banco de arena, en la playa neozelandesa de Mahia, aunque hubo gente que intentó reflotarlas. Estaban sentenciadas, a primera vista, a una muerte segura. Entonces un delfín mular de la zona llamado Moko intervino, nadando entre los humanos y las ballenas. Estas siguieron de inmediato a Moko a través de una brecha en el banco de arena, y lograron así adentrarse en el mar.

  • ¡En oferta!

Cómo hablar balleno

¿Estamos preparados para escuchar lo que pueden contarnos? Un viaje al futuro de la comunicación con los animales. «Un libro fascinante y profundamente humano». Greta Thunberg
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Recientemente se ha descubierto que las ballenas jorobadas acuden al rescate de otras especies acosadas, sobre todo cuando las acosadoras son orcas. Se han registrado más de cien incidentes en los que las ballenas jorobadas se lanzan a la carga para proteger no solo a sus congéneres, sino también a otras ballenas, a delfines, a focas y hasta a los gigantescos peces luna, de sus depredadores, interponiéndose entre estos y sus presas, e incluso sacan del agua a las focas y a los leones marinos sobre sus lomos para ponerlos a salvo. En la bahía de Monterrey, presencié cómo un grupo de jorobadas luchaba contra dos manadas de ballenas asesinas e intentaba alimentar a un ballenato que estas habían matado. Pasaron días protegiendo aquel cadáver. No está claro qué ganan las jorobadas con todas estas agotadoras interacciones, que entrañan un peligro considerable para ellas. ¿Es que hay bandos enfrentados en el mar?  

Pero, bien mirado, lo de colaborar con otra especie es cualquier cosa menos una locura, pues ocurre a diario. El mundo se mantiene unido gracias a las simbiosis mutualistas. Se sabe que la cooperación es un factor tan importante en la evolución como la competencia. ¿Asociarse para obtener beneficios mutuos, dar palmadas en el mar y compartir alimentos? Muy bien, pero ¿y si estuviéramos en realidad ante algo mucho más importante y valioso para nosotros, los humanos, una conexión más profunda, la capacidad de ponerse en la mente del otro? Mientras investigaba la historia de los cazadores de ballenas de Eden, encontré una grabación de una entrevista que le hicieron a Ted Thomas, Guboo, casi al final de su larga vida. En ella contaba cómo las orcas «convocaban» a su padre y a su abuelo para cazar, a veces en plena noche, mientras dormían. Pero lo que más me fascinó fue una historia diferente cuyo protagonista era un cetáceo diferente: la de su pueblo «cantándoles a los delfines» para pedirles ayuda. Cuando era niño, Guboo acompañó una vez a su abuelo, que había descubierto un banco de peces, hasta la orilla. El abuelo corrió hacia el agua, la golpeó con palos, bailó y cantó. Al cabo de un rato, aparecieron los delfines, que empujaron a los peces hasta la orilla y los sacaron del agua, donde los hombres los capturaron (una relación interespecífica opuesta a la que las orcas mantenían con los balleneros, pues aquí eran los humanos quienes ejecutaban las señales). Un detalle de aquella entrevista se me quedó grabado. Guboo contó que, cuando la cacería ya había concluido, su abuelo se adentró en el océano y se quedó allí, con el agua por la cintura. Entonces un gran delfín nadó hacia él y puso la cabeza sobre su brazo. El hombre acarició al delfín y le habló, y «el delfín le respondió con un chi-chi-chi-chii-chi-chi-chi-chiiichiii. Hablaba con el abuelo y el abuelo hablaba con él». Cuando la conversación terminó, el delfín se alejó nadando, dio dos volteretas y desapareció.  

Me habría encantado verlo, grabarlo. Pero es solo una historia y, como muchas de las que se cuentan en este capítulo, no vale como prueba científica. ¿Se comunicó de verdad el abuelo de Guboo con el delfín? ¿Puede alguien realmente «hablar» con un cetáceo? Necesitaba pasar de lo anecdótico al mundo, más concreto, de los datos, de los hechos, de las cosas tangibles, mensurables. ¿Qué podemos deducir sobre las comunicaciones de los cetáceos a partir de su cuerpo, cerebro y comportamientos? Parafraseando a Matt Damon en Marte, era hora de recurrir a la ciencia para no cagarla.

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