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Víctor Jara, un canto vivo

Cantautor, escritor y dramaturgo. Activista político, militante comunista y referente incontestable del movimiento «Nueva canción chilena». Mártir y leyenda. Este septiembre de 2023 se cumplen 50 años del asesinato de Víctor Jara: detenido por los militares de Pinochet el 12 de septiembre de 1973, apenas unas horas después del golpe de Estado que derrocó al gobierno legítimo de Salvador Allende, el músico fue torturado y mutilado durante cuatro días; después, le dispararon cuarenta veces en el antiguo Estadio Chile, hoy rebautizado como Estadio Víctor Jara. En las siguientes líneas, el periodista e historiador español Mario Amorós, autor de «La vida es eterna» (Ediciones B), una exhaustiva biografía de Víctor Jara construida a partir de correspondencia inédita, entrevistas que el músico concedió a publicaciones de diferentes países, una amplia bibliografía, numerosos testimonios y las páginas del sumario del juicio abierto en Chile, narra cómo fueron los últimos días de un icono cuyo legado sigue vivo tanto en sus ideas como en sus canciones.

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En las siguientes l\u00edneas, el periodista Mario Amor\u00f3s, autor de una exhaustiva biograf\u00eda del cantautor, narra c\u00f3mo fueron los \u00faltimos d\u00edas de un icono cuyo legado sigue vivo.","meta_keywords":"Revista LENGUA, Mario Amor\u00f3s, V\u00edctor Jara, La vida es eterna","short_content":"<p>Cantautor, escritor y dramaturgo. Activista pol\u00edtico, militante comunista y referente incontestable del movimiento \u00abNueva canci\u00f3n chilena\u00bb. M\u00e1rtir y leyenda. Este septiembre de 2023 se cumplen 50 a\u00f1os del asesinato de V\u00edctor Jara: detenido por los militares de Pinochet el 12 de septiembre de 1973, apenas unas horas despu\u00e9s del golpe de Estado que derroc\u00f3 al gobierno leg\u00edtimo de Salvador Allende, el m\u00fasico fue torturado y mutilado durante cuatro d\u00edas; despu\u00e9s, le dispararon cuarenta veces en el antiguo Estadio Chile, hoy rebautizado como Estadio V\u00edctor Jara. 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con el presidente Salvador Allende y Pablo Neruda, V\u00edctor Jara simboliz\u00f3 universalmente\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/John-Dinges-Plan-Condor\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">la tragedia del pueblo chileno<\/a><\/span> tras el golpe de Estado encabezado por el general Augusto Pinochet, del que el pr\u00f3ximo 11 de septiembre se cumplir\u00e1n cincuenta a\u00f1os. Detenido al d\u00eda siguiente en la Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Estado (UTE), fue conducido, junto con centenares de personas (convertidas ya en <em>prisioneros de guerra,<\/em> de una guerra que solo existi\u00f3 en la imaginaci\u00f3n y el discurso de los militares golpistas), a un recinto polideportivo, el Estadio Chile, donde fue torturado, humillado y finalmente acribillado por oficiales del Ej\u00e9rcito. Hoy este lugar se denomina Estadio V\u00edctor Jara y acaba de ser cedido a la Fundaci\u00f3n que cuida su legado para que lo administre como lugar de memoria.\u00a0<\/p><p>Como aclaro en <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/historia\/322551-libro-la-vida-es-eterna-9788466675321\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">la biograf\u00eda hist\u00f3rica <em>La vida es eterna<\/em><\/a><\/span>, Jara naci\u00f3 en Santiago de Chile el 28 de septiembre de 1932. Sin embargo, sus primeros a\u00f1os transcurrieron en el mundo rural, en las proximidades de la ciudad de Chill\u00e1n, donde sus padres, Amanda y Manuel, trabajaron durante varios a\u00f1os como campesinos <em>inquilinos<\/em> en condiciones de servidumbre casi feudal; posteriormente, se trasladaron a la localidad de Lonqu\u00e9n, cerca ya de la capital. Fue una etapa decisiva puesto que durante aquel tiempo su madre, quien interpretaba las canciones transmitidas por la tradici\u00f3n oral en las reuniones sociales de los campesinos, le inculc\u00f3 <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/musica\/lidia-garcia-carla-berrocal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">la devoci\u00f3n por la m\u00fasica folcl\u00f3rica y el amor a la guitarra<\/a><\/span>, as\u00ed como unos valores y una capacidad de trabajo que marcar\u00edan su trayectoria. Por esa raz\u00f3n, cuando en agosto de 1970 le preguntaron en una entrevista por \u00ablas ra\u00edces de su obra\u00bb, Jara afirm\u00f3 que resid\u00edan \u00aben el canto del 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Entre 1969 y 1973 grab\u00f3 sus principales discos: <em>Pongo en tus manos abiertas<\/em> (su homenaje a Luis Emilio Recabarren, fundador del Partido Comunista), <em>Canto libre, El derecho de vivir en paz<\/em> (su tributo a la lucha heroica del pueblo vietnamita y a Ho Chi Minh), <em>La poblaci\u00f3n <\/em>y las canciones del p\u00f3stumo<em> Manifiesto,<\/em> que su esposa, Joan Jara, logr\u00f3 sacar en secreto de Chile a fines de septiembre de 1973 a trav\u00e9s del periodista sueco Jan Sandqvist y que publicar\u00eda en 1974 en Inglaterra.\u00a0<\/p><p>Asimismo, entre 1971 y 1973 viaj\u00f3 a M\u00e9xico, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Argentina, Cuba,\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/la-invasion-rusa\/victoria-belim-mi-ucrania-urss-euromaidan-rusia\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">la URSS<\/a><\/span> o Per\u00fa. Acompa\u00f1ado de su inseparable guitarra, en aquellos recitales interpretaba sus canciones, singularmente <em>Te recuerdo Amanda,<\/em> tema que compuso durante su estancia en 1968 en Inglaterra para profundizar en su formaci\u00f3n como director de teatro y del que he tomado uno de sus versos para el t\u00edtulo del libro. \u00abMe estremece siempre cantar <em>Te recuerdo Amanda;<\/em> me produce un estado de emoci\u00f3n que, aunque la cante mil veces, mil veces la siento igual\u00bb, se\u00f1al\u00f3 en 1973.\u00a0<\/p><p>Aquel a\u00f1o su labor creadora se consagr\u00f3 a alumbrar un conjunto de canciones <em>(Cuando voy al trabajo, Vientos del pueblo)<\/em> que dejaron constancia de la altura \u00e9tica, est\u00e9tica y pol\u00edtica de su compromiso, esculpida singularmente en aquellos versos de <em>Manifiesto:<\/em>\u00a0\u00abMi canto es de los andamios \/ para alcanzar las estrellas\u00bb. En su recorrido por Per\u00fa, en los \u00faltimos d\u00edas de junio y las primeras semanas de julio de 1973, tras conocer Cuzco y Machu Picchu, qued\u00f3 conmovido ante la verdadera profundidad, cultural e hist\u00f3rica, de \u00ablas ra\u00edces del canto\u00bb. El 4 de septiembre, en la \u00faltima y multitudinaria manifestaci\u00f3n de la UP, sostuvo junto con sus compa\u00f1eros una pancarta que proclamaba: \u00abTrabajadores de la cultura en contra del fascismo\u00bb. 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Esta podr\u00eda ser la \u00faltima fotograf\u00eda de V\u00edctor Jara (el primero por la derecha), la cual fue tomada en el \u00faltimo mitin del gobierno de Allende. Una semana despu\u00e9s, los golpistas tomaron el poder. 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style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/fernando-butazzoni-las-cenizas-del-condor\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">El 11 de septiembre de 1973<\/a><\/span>, cerca de las once de la ma\u00f1ana, lleg\u00f3 a la Universidad T\u00e9cnica del Estado, en cuya Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Extensi\u00f3n y Comunicaciones trabajaba desde 1971, tras escuchar el llamamiento a los trabajadores del presidente Salvador Allende desde La Moneda y recibir las instrucciones de la direcci\u00f3n de las Juventudes Comunistas, a cuyo Comit\u00e9 Central pertenec\u00eda desde hac\u00eda un a\u00f1o. Por la tarde, unas mil personas se quedaron all\u00ed encerradas, al entrar en vigor el toque de queda decretado por la Junta Militar, y cercadas por los militares golpistas. Al amanecer del d\u00eda siguiente, aquella universidad fue bombardeada y asaltada por diferentes agrupaciones del Ej\u00e9rcito. Centenares de personas, entre ellas V\u00edctor Jara, fueron obligadas a permanecer tumbadas, boca abajo y con las manos en la nuca, en los patios o canchas deportivas, mientras los militares registraban como salvajes el recinto.<\/p><p>Hacia las tres de la tarde, se inici\u00f3 el traslado en autob\u00fas de los prisioneros de la UTE al Estadio Chile, situado a apenas un kil\u00f3metro y medio de distancia. Cuando se dispon\u00eda a ingresar en este pabell\u00f3n polideportivo, fue identificado por un oficial, seg\u00fan ha declarado Boris Navia. \u00abEse miserable me lo traen para ac\u00e1\u00bb, grit\u00f3; dos soldados lo llevaron ante \u00e9l y, \u00abdesaforado e hist\u00e9rico\u00bb, empez\u00f3 a propinarle golpes y puntapi\u00e9s por todo su cuerpo, uno de ellos en pleno rostro, en medio de una catarata de insultos y palabras llenas de odio hacia sus canciones y su compromiso pol\u00edtico. Privado de alimentos y agua, posteriormente fue golpeado, vejado y torturado por oficiales y soldados, vestidos todos en uniforme de 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de Chile. 17 de enero de 2020. Un manifestante ondea una bandera nacional chilena junto a otra con la imagen de V\u00edctor Jara durante una protesta contra el gobierno del presidente Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era. Desde finales de 2019, Chile se vio sacudida por meses de protestas que comenzaron con huelgas por aumentos en las tarifas del metro y r\u00e1pidamente se convirtieron en el estallido de malestar social m\u00e1s severo desde el final de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet hace casi 30 a\u00f1os. Cr\u00e9dito: Getty Images.\",\"link_to\":\"none\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":\"\",\"url\":\"\"},\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_style_image\":\"\",\"space\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1},\"hover_animation\":\"\",\"image_border_border\":\"\",\"image_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_border_color\":\"\",\"image_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"2dzixxb\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: right;\\\">Santiago de Chile. 17 de enero de 2020. Un manifestante ondea una bandera nacional chilena junto a otra con la imagen de V\u00edctor Jara durante una protesta contra el gobierno del presidente Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era. Desde finales de 2019, Chile se vio sacudida por meses de protestas que comenzaron con huelgas por aumentos en las tarifas del metro y r\u00e1pidamente se convirtieron en el estallido de malestar social m\u00e1s severo desde el final de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet hace casi 30 a\u00f1os. Cr\u00e9dito: Getty 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mediod\u00eda del 13 de septiembre pudo enviar el \u00faltimo mensaje a su esposa con un compa\u00f1ero, Hugo Gonz\u00e1lez, que iba a ser puesto en libertad y a quien confes\u00f3 su temor de no volver a ver a su familia y le rog\u00f3 que no les creara falsas expectativas acerca de un posible plazo para su libertad. Y, cuando una l\u00e1grima recorri\u00f3 su rostro y cay\u00f3 sobre su camisa, le indic\u00f3: \u00abHugo, diles que estoy bien. No menciones los golpes, no hables sobre lo que est\u00e1n haciendo conmigo. No quiero que ellas lo sepan\u00bb. Aquella tarde, pudo unirse a un grupo de prisioneros vinculados a la UTE y las Juventudes Comunistas; caminaba con mucha dificultad, ten\u00eda algunas costillas rotas y la cara llena de moratones y ensangrentada, al igual que la ropa.\u00a0<\/p><p>A lo largo del 15 de septiembre, el recinto se fue quedando vac\u00edo seg\u00fan avanzaba el traslado de los<em> prisioneros de guerra<\/em> hacia el Estadio Nacional. Pero, casi en el \u00faltimo momento, V\u00edctor Jara fue apartado de esas filas y conducido al subterr\u00e1neo, donde fue acribillado, al igual que el abogado comunista Littr\u00e9 Quiroga, por oficiales del Ej\u00e9rcito, condenados en 2018 por la Justicia pero a\u00fan hoy en libertad. Horas antes, hab\u00eda podido entregar a sus compa\u00f1eros su poema <em>Estadio Chile,<\/em> que qued\u00f3 inconcluso y que el Partido Comunista logr\u00f3 sacar del pa\u00eds dos semanas despu\u00e9s. En su parte final expres\u00f3: \u00abCanto, qu\u00e9 mal me sales \/ cuando tengo que cantar espanto. \/ Espanto como el que vivo, \/ como el que muero, espanto \/ de verme entre tantos y tantos \/ momentos de infinito \/ en que el silencio y el grito son las metas \/ de este canto. \/ Lo que nunca vi, \/ lo que he sentido y lo que siento \/ har\u00e1 brotar el momento\u2026\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"gmevj6c\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>A lo largo del 15 de septiembre, el recinto se fue quedando vac\u00edo seg\u00fan avanzaba el traslado de los <em>prisioneros de guerra<\/em> hacia el Estadio Nacional. Pero, casi en el \u00faltimo momento, V\u00edctor Jara fue apartado de esas filas y conducido al subterr\u00e1neo, donde fue acribillado.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"ynflasj\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>M\u00e1s all\u00e1 del horror de su muerte, cincuenta a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/historia\/322551-libro-la-vida-es-eterna-9788466675321\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">V\u00edctor Jara es uno de los s\u00edmbolos universales de la canci\u00f3n revolucionaria<\/a><\/span> en su sentido m\u00e1s profundo. Relatar su vida y su martirio, a partir de correspondencia in\u00e9dita, las entrevistas que concedi\u00f3 a publicaciones de diferentes pa\u00edses, una amplia bibliograf\u00eda, numerosos testimonios y tambi\u00e9n las miles de p\u00e1ginas del sumario del juicio abierto en Chile para esclarecer su asesinato, ha sido todo un desaf\u00edo.\u00a0<\/p><p>En el testimonio entregado para mi biograf\u00eda, el trovador cubano Silvio Rodr\u00edguez evoca su viaje de 1972 a Chile junto con Pablo Milan\u00e9s y Noel Nicola. \u00abUn a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s lo asesinaron con sa\u00f1a, pero aquella vileza no fue lo que lo inmortaliz\u00f3\u00bb, se\u00f1ala. \u00abYa V\u00edctor era un cantor eterno por la exquisita calidad est\u00e9tica y \u00e9tica de sus canciones\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"60\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"qp1o8j5\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>M\u00c1S CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/John-Dinges-Plan-Condor\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">El Plan C\u00f3ndor, un fantasma que recorre el mundo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/fernando-butazzoni-las-cenizas-del-condor\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">O\u00edr su voz: el Plan C\u00f3ndor en un casete<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/caparros-por-villoro\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Caparr\u00f3s por Villoro: \u00abNo hablemos de \\\"alephes\\\"\u00bb o c\u00f3mo narrar la totalidad<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/la-historia-latinoamericana-segun-hilda-sabato-el-siglo-xix-fue-un-momento-de-innovacion-politica\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">La historia latinoamericana seg\u00fan Hilda S\u00e1bato: \u00abEl siglo XIX fue un momento de innovaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/revolucion-cuba-patricio-fernandez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">El \u00faltimo socialismo: \u00bfvali\u00f3 la pena?<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/escritoras-latinoamericanas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Escritoras latinoamericanas: una detallada biograf\u00eda de un fen\u00f3meno mundial<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/lastesis-lina-maruane\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">LasTesis y su \u00abAntolog\u00eda feminista\u00bb: Una. Ninguna. Todas. 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15 minutos
Víctor Jara. Crédito: Getty Images.

Víctor Jara. Crédito: Getty Images.

Junto con el presidente Salvador Allende y Pablo Neruda, Víctor Jara simbolizó universalmente la tragedia del pueblo chileno tras el golpe de Estado encabezado por el general Augusto Pinochet, del que el próximo 11 de septiembre se cumplirán cincuenta años. Detenido al día siguiente en la Universidad Técnica del Estado (UTE), fue conducido, junto con centenares de personas (convertidas ya en prisioneros de guerra, de una guerra que solo existió en la imaginación y el discurso de los militares golpistas), a un recinto polideportivo, el Estadio Chile, donde fue torturado, humillado y finalmente acribillado por oficiales del Ejército. Hoy este lugar se denomina Estadio Víctor Jara y acaba de ser cedido a la Fundación que cuida su legado para que lo administre como lugar de memoria. 

Como aclaro en la biografía histórica La vida es eterna, Jara nació en Santiago de Chile el 28 de septiembre de 1932. Sin embargo, sus primeros años transcurrieron en el mundo rural, en las proximidades de la ciudad de Chillán, donde sus padres, Amanda y Manuel, trabajaron durante varios años como campesinos inquilinos en condiciones de servidumbre casi feudal; posteriormente, se trasladaron a la localidad de Lonquén, cerca ya de la capital. Fue una etapa decisiva puesto que durante aquel tiempo su madre, quien interpretaba las canciones transmitidas por la tradición oral en las reuniones sociales de los campesinos, le inculcó la devoción por la música folclórica y el amor a la guitarra, así como unos valores y una capacidad de trabajo que marcarían su trayectoria. Por esa razón, cuando en agosto de 1970 le preguntaron en una entrevista por «las raíces de su obra», Jara afirmó que residían «en el canto del pueblo»...

Junto con su madre y sus cinco hermanos, llegó a vivir a Santiago de Chile hacia 1943, en un momento histórico en el que el Gobierno del Frente Popular había desarrollado una política cultural que favoreció la creación del Teatro Experimental de la Universidad de Chile, en cuya escuela ingresó en abril de 1956 después de pasar dos años en un seminario católico y de realizar el servicio militar. En los años 60 fue reconocido como uno de los principales directores de la escena nacional, con su trabajo en Ánimas de día claro, La remolienda, El círculo de tiza caucasiano o Viet-Rock, estrenada en mayo de 1969. «Es hora de que nuestro teatro encarne escénicamente la violencia de la lucha de clases en Chile», declaró en aquellos días. «No quiero montar un espectáculo burgués para pseudointelectuales. El teatro en Chile debe tomar partido claramente».

Al mismo tiempo, si su carrera musical se inició entre 1958 y 1962 como miembro del conjunto folclórico Cuncumén con el que recorrió Europa y la Unión Soviética en 1960, desde 1965 cantó como solista en la legendaria Peña de los Parra y empezó a grabar sus primeros discos, con una gran acogida. Junto con Patricio Manns, Isabel y Ángel Parra y Rolando Alarcón, fue protagonista del desarrollo de la Nueva Canción Chilena y entre 1966 y 1969 dirigió al conjunto Quilapayún. Uno de sus fundadores, Eduardo Carrasco, ha escrito que las primeras enseñanzas que les transmitió fueron el rigor, la concentración y la seriedad en el trabajo. «Establecimos horas estrictas de comienzo y término de los ensayos y una serie de pequeñas normas que no nos han abandonado desde esa época y son las bases más importantes de nuestro trabajo. Una norma de oro, por ejemplo, es que el punto de partida de la música debe ser el silencio».

Por la tarde, unas mil personas se quedaron allí encerradas, al entrar en vigor el toque de queda decretado por la Junta Militar (...) Centenares de personas, entre ellas Víctor Jara, fueron obligadas a permanecer tumbadas, boca abajo y con las manos en la nuca, en los patios o canchas deportivas, mientras los militares registraban como salvajes el recinto.

En enero de 1970, ante la campaña electoral que finalmente llevaría a Salvador Allende, candidato de la Unidad Popular, a La Moneda, Víctor Jara (militante de las Juventudes Comunistas desde fines de los años 50) relegó de manera definitiva su trabajo teatral y se volcó con su guitarra y sus canciones en el apoyo a la izquierda. Entre 1969 y 1973 grabó sus principales discos: Pongo en tus manos abiertas (su homenaje a Luis Emilio Recabarren, fundador del Partido Comunista), Canto libre, El derecho de vivir en paz (su tributo a la lucha heroica del pueblo vietnamita y a Ho Chi Minh), La población y las canciones del póstumo Manifiesto, que su esposa, Joan Jara, logró sacar en secreto de Chile a fines de septiembre de 1973 a través del periodista sueco Jan Sandqvist y que publicaría en 1974 en Inglaterra. 

Asimismo, entre 1971 y 1973 viajó a México, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Argentina, Cuba, la URSS o Perú. Acompañado de su inseparable guitarra, en aquellos recitales interpretaba sus canciones, singularmente Te recuerdo Amanda, tema que compuso durante su estancia en 1968 en Inglaterra para profundizar en su formación como director de teatro y del que he tomado uno de sus versos para el título del libro. «Me estremece siempre cantar Te recuerdo Amanda; me produce un estado de emoción que, aunque la cante mil veces, mil veces la siento igual», señaló en 1973. 

Aquel año su labor creadora se consagró a alumbrar un conjunto de canciones (Cuando voy al trabajo, Vientos del pueblo) que dejaron constancia de la altura ética, estética y política de su compromiso, esculpida singularmente en aquellos versos de Manifiesto: «Mi canto es de los andamios / para alcanzar las estrellas». En su recorrido por Perú, en los últimos días de junio y las primeras semanas de julio de 1973, tras conocer Cuzco y Machu Picchu, quedó conmovido ante la verdadera profundidad, cultural e histórica, de «las raíces del canto». El 4 de septiembre, en la última y multitudinaria manifestación de la UP, sostuvo junto con sus compañeros una pancarta que proclamaba: «Trabajadores de la cultura en contra del fascismo». En aquellos días tuvo en sus manos el último disco suyo que llegó a ver, Canto por travesura, una auténtica travesía de retorno a la pureza del folclore que acompañó su infancia.

4 de septiembre de 1973. Esta podría ser la última fotografía de Víctor Jara (el primero por la derecha), la cual fue tomada en el último mitin del gobierno de Allende. Una semana después, los golpistas tomaron el poder. Crédito: Getty Images.

4 de septiembre de 1973. Esta podría ser la última fotografía de Víctor Jara (el primero por la derecha), la cual fue tomada en el último mitin del gobierno de Allende. Una semana después, los golpistas tomaron el poder. Crédito: Getty Images.

El 11 de septiembre de 1973, cerca de las once de la mañana, llegó a la Universidad Técnica del Estado, en cuya Secretaría Nacional de Extensión y Comunicaciones trabajaba desde 1971, tras escuchar el llamamiento a los trabajadores del presidente Salvador Allende desde La Moneda y recibir las instrucciones de la dirección de las Juventudes Comunistas, a cuyo Comité Central pertenecía desde hacía un año. Por la tarde, unas mil personas se quedaron allí encerradas, al entrar en vigor el toque de queda decretado por la Junta Militar, y cercadas por los militares golpistas. Al amanecer del día siguiente, aquella universidad fue bombardeada y asaltada por diferentes agrupaciones del Ejército. Centenares de personas, entre ellas Víctor Jara, fueron obligadas a permanecer tumbadas, boca abajo y con las manos en la nuca, en los patios o canchas deportivas, mientras los militares registraban como salvajes el recinto.

Hacia las tres de la tarde, se inició el traslado en autobús de los prisioneros de la UTE al Estadio Chile, situado a apenas un kilómetro y medio de distancia. Cuando se disponía a ingresar en este pabellón polideportivo, fue identificado por un oficial, según ha declarado Boris Navia. «Ese miserable me lo traen para acá», gritó; dos soldados lo llevaron ante él y, «desaforado e histérico», empezó a propinarle golpes y puntapiés por todo su cuerpo, uno de ellos en pleno rostro, en medio de una catarata de insultos y palabras llenas de odio hacia sus canciones y su compromiso político. Privado de alimentos y agua, posteriormente fue golpeado, vejado y torturado por oficiales y soldados, vestidos todos en uniforme de combate.

Santiago de Chile. 17 de enero de 2020. Un manifestante ondea una bandera nacional chilena junto a otra con la imagen de Víctor Jara durante una protesta contra el gobierno del presidente Sebastián Piñera. Desde finales de 2019, Chile se vio sacudida por meses de protestas que comenzaron con huelgas por aumentos en las tarifas del metro y rápidamente se convirtieron en el estallido de malestar social más severo desde el final de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet hace casi 30 años. Crédito: Getty Images.

Santiago de Chile. 17 de enero de 2020. Un manifestante ondea una bandera nacional chilena junto a otra con la imagen de Víctor Jara durante una protesta contra el gobierno del presidente Sebastián Piñera. Desde finales de 2019, Chile se vio sacudida por meses de protestas que comenzaron con huelgas por aumentos en las tarifas del metro y rápidamente se convirtieron en el estallido de malestar social más severo desde el final de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet hace casi 30 años. Crédito: Getty Images.

Al mediodía del 13 de septiembre pudo enviar el último mensaje a su esposa con un compañero, Hugo González, que iba a ser puesto en libertad y a quien confesó su temor de no volver a ver a su familia y le rogó que no les creara falsas expectativas acerca de un posible plazo para su libertad. Y, cuando una lágrima recorrió su rostro y cayó sobre su camisa, le indicó: «Hugo, diles que estoy bien. No menciones los golpes, no hables sobre lo que están haciendo conmigo. No quiero que ellas lo sepan». Aquella tarde, pudo unirse a un grupo de prisioneros vinculados a la UTE y las Juventudes Comunistas; caminaba con mucha dificultad, tenía algunas costillas rotas y la cara llena de moratones y ensangrentada, al igual que la ropa. 

A lo largo del 15 de septiembre, el recinto se fue quedando vacío según avanzaba el traslado de los prisioneros de guerra hacia el Estadio Nacional. Pero, casi en el último momento, Víctor Jara fue apartado de esas filas y conducido al subterráneo, donde fue acribillado, al igual que el abogado comunista Littré Quiroga, por oficiales del Ejército, condenados en 2018 por la Justicia pero aún hoy en libertad. Horas antes, había podido entregar a sus compañeros su poema Estadio Chile, que quedó inconcluso y que el Partido Comunista logró sacar del país dos semanas después. En su parte final expresó: «Canto, qué mal me sales / cuando tengo que cantar espanto. / Espanto como el que vivo, / como el que muero, espanto / de verme entre tantos y tantos / momentos de infinito / en que el silencio y el grito son las metas / de este canto. / Lo que nunca vi, / lo que he sentido y lo que siento / hará brotar el momento…».

A lo largo del 15 de septiembre, el recinto se fue quedando vacío según avanzaba el traslado de los prisioneros de guerra hacia el Estadio Nacional. Pero, casi en el último momento, Víctor Jara fue apartado de esas filas y conducido al subterráneo, donde fue acribillado.

Más allá del horror de su muerte, cincuenta años después Víctor Jara es uno de los símbolos universales de la canción revolucionaria en su sentido más profundo. Relatar su vida y su martirio, a partir de correspondencia inédita, las entrevistas que concedió a publicaciones de diferentes países, una amplia bibliografía, numerosos testimonios y también las miles de páginas del sumario del juicio abierto en Chile para esclarecer su asesinato, ha sido todo un desafío. 

En el testimonio entregado para mi biografía, el trovador cubano Silvio Rodríguez evoca su viaje de 1972 a Chile junto con Pablo Milanés y Noel Nicola. «Un año después lo asesinaron con saña, pero aquella vileza no fue lo que lo inmortalizó», señala. «Ya Víctor era un cantor eterno por la exquisita calidad estética y ética de sus canciones».

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