Literatura

Mario Vargas Llosa: el amor a Francia

El jueves 9 de febrero de 2023, Mario Vargas Llosa se convirtió en miembro de pleno derecho de la Academia Francesa, la institución de «inmortales» que fundó hace cuatro siglos el cardenal Richelieu y que custodia y salvaguarda la lengua francesa. La presencia del autor hispanoamericano en la prestigiosa organización cultural es extraordinaria en todos los sentidos: es el primer escritor admitido que no escribe en francés y el primer Nobel de Literatura que ingresa desde 1933. Además, lo ha logrado con 86 años, once más que la edad máxima para ser aceptado. Su ingreso en la Academia, donde ya ocupa el sillón número 18, coincide con la publicación de «Un bárbaro en París: Textos sobre la cultura francesa» (Alfaguara), una selección de escritos que dan cuenta de la devoción del Nobel por el dinamismo intelectual galo. Las líneas que siguen, firmadas en París el 10 de marzo de 2005, llevan por título «El amor a Francia» y ratifican -y de qué manera- la relación de Vargas Llosa con las letras francesas, una historia de amor que viene de largo.

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Su llegada coincide con la publicaci\u00f3n de \u00abUn b\u00e1rbaro en Par\u00eds: Textos sobre la cultura francesa\u00bb (Alfaguara), escritos que dan cuenta de la devoci\u00f3n del Nobel por Francia.","meta_keywords":"Revista LENGUA, Penguin Libros, Mario Vargas Llosa, Academia Francesa","short_content":"<p>El jueves 9 de febrero de 2023, Mario Vargas Llosa se convirti\u00f3 en miembro de pleno derecho de la Academia Francesa, la instituci\u00f3n de \u00abinmortales\u00bb que fund\u00f3 hace cuatro siglos el cardenal Richelieu y que custodia y salvaguarda la lengua francesa. La presencia del autor hispanoamericano en la prestigiosa organizaci\u00f3n cultural es extraordinaria en todos los sentidos: es el primer escritor admitido que no escribe en franc\u00e9s y el primer Nobel de Literatura que ingresa desde 1933. Adem\u00e1s, lo ha logrado con 86 a\u00f1os, once m\u00e1s que la edad m\u00e1xima para ser aceptado. 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que aprend\u00ed a leer y descubr\u00ed en los libros esa m\u00e1gica facultad de multiplicar la vida humana que tiene la ficci\u00f3n, la literatura francesa ha sido, entre todas, la que siempre prefer\u00ed, la que me hizo gozar m\u00e1s, la que contribuy\u00f3 m\u00e1s a mi formaci\u00f3n intelectual y a la que debo buena parte de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/464-mario-vargas-llosa\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">mis convicciones literarias y pol\u00edticas<\/a><\/span>.<\/p><p>Expresan el reconocimiento profundo de un escritor del remoto Per\u00fa, que se ha pasado buena parte de la vida leyendo a los poetas y prosistas franceses y que se siente, de pronto, simb\u00f3licamente admitido en un recinto al que ha estado, en todas las etapas de su existencia, tratando de acceder.<\/p><p>La casa de mis abuelos estaba llena de libros traducidos del franc\u00e9s. Yo pas\u00e9 de Julio Verne a los grandes folletinistas decimon\u00f3nicos como Eug\u00e8ne Sue, Paul F\u00e9val o Xavier de Mont\u00e9pin, cuyos novelones humedec\u00edan los ojos de la abuela. Pero, antes todav\u00eda de descubrir al gran Victor Hugo, el de <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/grandes-clasicos\/36631-libro-los-miserables-9788491051121\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><em><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Los miserables<\/span>,<\/em> <\/a>fue Alexandre Dumas quien me deslumbr\u00f3 e hizo concebir la vida como desplante y aventura. 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termin\u00e9 el colegio, me matricul\u00e9 en la Alianza Francesa para leer a esos autores dilectos en su propia lengua. Y, en todos mis a\u00f1os universitarios, segu\u00ed, desde Lima, la actualidad literaria francesa, sus pol\u00e9micas y guerras de guerrillas, sus rupturas, alianzas y divisiones, tomando partido en cada caso con apasionamiento de catec\u00fameno. Con mi primer trabajo, me abon\u00e9 a <em>Les Temps Modernes,<\/em> de Sartre, y a <em>Les Letres Nouvelles,<\/em> de Maurice Nadeau. La fidelidad con que le\u00ed en mi adolescencia a <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/cl\/tematicas\/42559-ebook-la-ceremonia-del-adios-9786073151290\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Jean-Paul Sartre<\/a><\/span>, al que trataba de seguir en todos los vaivenes de su zigzagueante trayectoria ideol\u00f3gica, era tal que mis amigos me bautizaron con un apodo intraducible al franc\u00e9s: el \u00absartrecillo valiente\u00bb. Es cierto que sus novelas, y las de muchos existencialistas, nos parecen ahora menos originales que entonces, pero el volumen de <em>Situations II (\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la literatura?)<\/em> fue un ensayo exaltante para un joven que so\u00f1aba con ser escritor, al que esas p\u00e1ginas ense\u00f1aron que fantasear ficciones y entregarse con tes\u00f3n a la literatura pod\u00eda ser, al mismo tiempo que un acto de creaci\u00f3n art\u00edstica, una manera de combatir el oscurantismo, la dictadura, las injusticias, y de disipar las lega\u00f1as que velaban a hombres y mujeres la comprensi\u00f3n de la realidad.<\/p><p>La pol\u00e9mica entre Sartre y\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/fenomenos\/la-peste-vendra-la-muerte-y-tendra-tus-ojos\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Camus<\/a><\/span> sobre los campos de concentraci\u00f3n en la\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a 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Aqu\u00ed me hice escritor, en efecto, aqu\u00ed descubr\u00ed el amor-pasi\u00f3n de que hablaban tanto los surrealistas y aqu\u00ed fui m\u00e1s feliz, o menos infeliz, que en ninguna otra parte. Aqu\u00ed me impregn\u00e9 de esa literatura francesa del xix cuya fulgurante variedad y riqueza \u2014Balzac, Flaubert, Stendhal, Baudelaire, Lautr\u00e9amont, Rimbaud\u2014 todav\u00eda me siguen pareciendo sin parang\u00f3n, ni en su tiempo ni en los venideros. Y aqu\u00ed, en Par\u00eds, crec\u00ed, madur\u00e9, me equivoqu\u00e9 y rectifiqu\u00e9, y estuve siempre tropezando, levant\u00e1ndome y aprendiendo, ayudado por libros y autores que, en cada crisis, cambio de actitud y de opini\u00f3n, vinieron a echarme una mano y a guiarme hacia un puerto moment\u00e1neamente seguro en medio de las borrascas y la confusi\u00f3n. Quiero citar de nuevo a <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/fenomenos\/la-peste-vendra-la-muerte-y-tendra-tus-ojos\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Albert Camus<\/a><\/span>, a Raymond Aron, a Tocqueville, a Georges Bataille, a Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Revel y a los beligerantes surrealistas: Andr\u00e9 Breton, Benjamin P\u00e9ret. Y a Roger Caillois, quien tanto hizo por abrir a los escritores de Am\u00e9rica Latina las puertas de Par\u00eds. Mi trabajo de periodista en la France-Presse primero y luego en la ORTF (la Radio Televisi\u00f3n Francesa) me depar\u00f3 algunas experiencias inolvidables, como el debate p\u00fablico entre Michel Debr\u00e9 y Pierre Mend\u00e8s France, las conferencias de prensa del general De Gaulle y los discursos de Andr\u00e9 Malraux, el \u00fanico gran escritor que conozco que hablaba tan bien como escrib\u00eda. Recuerdo, sobre todo, tres de ellos: el que pronunci\u00f3 en el Pante\u00f3n ante las cenizas de Jean Moulin, el del homenaje a Le Corbusier en el patio del Louvre y, abriendo una campa\u00f1a electoral, aquel que comenzaba con esta inc\u00f3moda verdad: <em>\u00abQuelle \u00e9trange \u00e9poque, diront de la n\u00f4tre les historiens de l\u2019avenir, o\u00f9 la droite n\u2019\u00e9tait pas la droite, la gauche n\u2019\u00e9tait pas la gauche, et le centre n\u2019\u00e9tait pas au millieu\u00bb.<\/em> (\u00abQu\u00e9 \u00e9poca tan extra\u00f1a, dir\u00e1n de la nuestra los historiadores del futuro, donde la derecha no era la derecha, la izquierda no era la izquierda, y el centro no estaba en el 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cosas he aprendido de la cultura francesa, pero la que m\u00e1s a amar la libertad por encima de todas las cosas y a combatir todo lo que la amenaza y contradice. Y, tambi\u00e9n, que la literatura, si no es, en todas las circunstancias, una manera de resistir el conformismo, de alborotar el cotarro y subvertir los esp\u00edritus, no es nada. Esa tradici\u00f3n insumisa, libertaria, rebelde, y su vocaci\u00f3n universal, es para m\u00ed, entre los varios afluentes del gran r\u00edo de la cultura francesa, el m\u00e1s f\u00e9rtil y sigue siendo el m\u00e1s actual. Leyendo a los grandes escritores franceses, desde Montaigne, que desafi\u00f3 los prejuicios y el eurocentrismo de su tiempo\u00a0 acerc\u00e1ndose con respetuosa curiosidad a la cultura de los can\u00edbales, ya que <em>\u00abchacun appelle barbarie ce qui n\u2019est pas de son usage\u00bb<\/em> (\u00abcada uno llama barbarie a lo que no se ajusta a sus costumbres\u00bb), hasta Sartre y los 121 firmantes del manifiesto en el que, en plena guerra de Argelia, se ofrecieron a llevar \u00ables valises\u00bb del FLN por sus convicciones anticolonialistas, aprend\u00ed a entender que la verdadera cultura es como la libertad y la justicia: trasciende las fronteras y no puede ser acotada en los estrechos m\u00e1rgenes de una religi\u00f3n, una raza, una clase o una naci\u00f3n, sin traicionar su raz\u00f3n de ser y sin condenarse al provincialismo y a la mediocridad. Ninguna otra literatura ha sido, en el curso de su historia, menos nacionalista ni m\u00e1s universal que la francesa, y dudo que haya otra que, en todas sus etapas hist\u00f3ricas, haya servido m\u00e1s efectivamente de contrapeso al poder, a todos los poderes, como aquella que ha enriquecido a la humanidad con las plumas de Moli\u00e8re, de Pascal, de Diderot, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/ficciones\/un-inedito-de-proust\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">de Proust<\/a><\/span>, de Michelet, de C\u00e9line, de Antonin Artaud y tantos otros. No s\u00f3lo la belleza de sus formas art\u00edsticas o la elegancia de sus ideas le dio irradiaci\u00f3n universal; tambi\u00e9n su esp\u00edritu cr\u00edtico, su anticonformismo, ese permanente cuestionamiento de lo que\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/1316-gustave-flaubert\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Flaubert<\/a><\/span> llamaba <em>\u00ables id\u00e9es re\u00e7ues\u00bb<\/em> (\u00ablas ideas recibidas\u00bb).<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"jjy984n\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>Muchas cosas he aprendido de la cultura francesa, pero la que m\u00e1s a amar la libertad por encima de todas las cosas y a combatir todo lo que la amenaza y contradice. Y, tambi\u00e9n, que la literatura, si no es, en todas las circunstancias, una manera de resistir el conformismo, de alborotar el cotarro y subvertir los esp\u00edritus, no es nada.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"f6qt22t\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>Nunca fui alumno oficial de la Sorbona. Pero s\u00ed fui un alumno polizonte de algunos cursos del tercer ciclo, en mis primeros a\u00f1os en Par\u00eds, y \u00e9ste es momento oportuno para recordarlos. No pod\u00edan ser m\u00e1s diferentes el uno del otro. Lucien Goldmann manten\u00eda a\u00fan viva, gracias a su esp\u00edritu abierto, la quimera de un marxismo antiautoritario y librepensador, y su acercamiento a la literatura convocaba a todas las ciencias humanas, la historia, la sociolog\u00eda, la filosof\u00eda, para explorarla en profundidad y entender las sutiles maneras en que sus im\u00e1genes y fantas\u00edas influ\u00edan en el devenir hist\u00f3rico. Nadie lo sab\u00eda, pero \u00e9l cerraba toda una \u00e9poca en la que la literatura y la vida parec\u00edan inseparables. El seminario de Roland Barthes, en cambio, abr\u00eda una nueva, en que formidables constructores de espejismos, como \u00e9l, Foucault y Derrida, iban a empe\u00f1arse en divorciarlas de manera irremediable. En las clases de Barthes, como en sus libros, detr\u00e1s de la ling\u00fc\u00edstica, la semi\u00f3tica, el grado cero de la escritura, y otras muy sutiles innovaciones del vocabulario cr\u00edtico, los sofismas y el malabarismo intelectual alcanzaban unos niveles soberbios de exquisitez y refinamiento. Nac\u00eda, disfrazada de cr\u00edtica, una nueva rama de la ficci\u00f3n, llamada teor\u00eda. En las clases de Goldmann, la literatura, aunque algo maltratada a veces por la ideolog\u00eda, estaba todav\u00eda anclada en la experiencia vivida, a la que modificaba y explicaba; en las de Barthes, se confinaba en s\u00ed misma, convertida en un discurso que remit\u00eda a otros discursos, en textos que s\u00f3lo se entend\u00edan en relaci\u00f3n con otros textos. Cuando Jacques Derrida dictamin\u00f3 que no s\u00f3lo la literatura, la vida misma, era s\u00f3lo un texto, un juego de ilusionismo ling\u00fc\u00edstico que se disolv\u00eda en un abismo ret\u00f3rico sin moral, sin historia y sin significado, dije: \u00abHasta aqu\u00ed nom\u00e1s\u00bb. En los a\u00f1os de hegemon\u00eda deconstruccionista mi amor por la literatura me alej\u00f3 de la actualidad y me llev\u00f3 a refugiarme en los cl\u00e1sicos. Mi pasi\u00f3n por la literatura francesa me indujo a esfuerzos valerosos como leer todo el <em>nouveau roman<\/em> y buen n\u00famero de ensayos estructuralistas; pero el deconstruccionismo me asfixi\u00f3, y tuvo el m\u00e9rito de retrocederme a Proust, a Sainte-Beuve, y a Flaubert,\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/1316-gustave-flaubert\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\u00a1siempre a 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Cuando era ni\u00f1o, insist\u00eda para que mi abuela viejecita, una excelente contadora de cuentos, me contara una y otra vez la historia de un antepasado al que ella, para decir que se trataba de un hombre de costumbres poco recomendables, llamaba un \u00abliberal\u00bb. Este caballero, una ma\u00f1ana, a la hora del almuerzo advirti\u00f3 a su mujer y a sus hijos que sal\u00eda un momento a la plaza de Armas de Arequipa a comprar un peri\u00f3dico. La familia nunca volvi\u00f3 a saber de \u00e9l hasta muchos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, cuando se enter\u00f3 que el desaparecido hab\u00eda muerto en Par\u00eds. Lo m\u00e1s bonito del cuento era el final. \u00ab\u00bfY a qu\u00e9 se escap\u00f3 a Par\u00eds ese t\u00edo liberal, abuela?\u00bb. \u00abA qu\u00e9 iba a ser, hijito. \u00a1A corromperse!\u00bb.\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/314659-libro-un-barbaro-en-paris-textos-sobre-la-cultura-francesa-9788420475608\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">El amor a Francia<\/a><\/span> tiene una antigua tradici\u00f3n en la familia de este escribidor, que les agradece una vez m\u00e1s el inmerecido honor que hoy le 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class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/el-estilo-de-un-joven-novelista-llamado-mario-vargas-llosa\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">El estilo de un joven novelista llamado Mario Vargas Llosa<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/gabriel-garcia-marquez\/Gabriel-Garcia-Marquez-Mario-Vargas-Llosa-Dos-soledades\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Un di\u00e1logo \u00fanico entre Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez y Vargas Llosa: para saber qu\u00e9 es la soledad<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/gabriel-garcia-marquez\/Rayuela-Julio-Cortazar-Gabriel-Garcia-Marquez\\\" 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10 minutos
París, 9 de febrero de 2023. Mario Vargas Llosa el día en que ingresó en la Academia Francesa, la institución de «inmortales» que custodia la lengua francesa. Crédito: Getty Images.

París, 9 de febrero de 2023. Mario Vargas Llosa el día en que ingresó en la Academia Francesa, la institución de «inmortales» que custodia la lengua francesa. Crédito: Getty Images.

Desde que aprendí a leer y descubrí en los libros esa mágica facultad de multiplicar la vida humana que tiene la ficción, la literatura francesa ha sido, entre todas, la que siempre preferí, la que me hizo gozar más, la que contribuyó más a mi formación intelectual y a la que debo buena parte de mis convicciones literarias y políticas.

Expresan el reconocimiento profundo de un escritor del remoto Perú, que se ha pasado buena parte de la vida leyendo a los poetas y prosistas franceses y que se siente, de pronto, simbólicamente admitido en un recinto al que ha estado, en todas las etapas de su existencia, tratando de acceder.

La casa de mis abuelos estaba llena de libros traducidos del francés. Yo pasé de Julio Verne a los grandes folletinistas decimonónicos como Eugène Sue, Paul Féval o Xavier de Montépin, cuyos novelones humedecían los ojos de la abuela. Pero, antes todavía de descubrir al gran Victor Hugo, el de Los miserables, fue Alexandre Dumas quien me deslumbró e hizo concebir la vida como desplante y aventura. Leí todas sus series novelescas en estado de trance, sobre todo la de los mosqueteros, y yo también puedo decir, como Oscar Wilde dijo de Lucien de Rubempré, que la muerte de D'Artagnan, en el sitio de La Rochelle, antes de recibir el bastón de mariscal que le enviaba el rey, me destrozó el corazón.

Apenas terminé el colegio, me matriculé en la Alianza Francesa para leer a esos autores dilectos en su propia lengua. Y, en todos mis años universitarios, seguí, desde Lima, la actualidad literaria francesa, sus polémicas y guerras de guerrillas, sus rupturas, alianzas y divisiones, tomando partido en cada caso con apasionamiento de catecúmeno. Con mi primer trabajo, me aboné a Les Temps Modernes, de Sartre, y a Les Letres Nouvelles, de Maurice Nadeau. La fidelidad con que leí en mi adolescencia a Jean-Paul Sartre, al que trataba de seguir en todos los vaivenes de su zigzagueante trayectoria ideológica, era tal que mis amigos me bautizaron con un apodo intraducible al francés: el «sartrecillo valiente». Es cierto que sus novelas, y las de muchos existencialistas, nos parecen ahora menos originales que entonces, pero el volumen de Situations II (¿Qué es la literatura?) fue un ensayo exaltante para un joven que soñaba con ser escritor, al que esas páginas enseñaron que fantasear ficciones y entregarse con tesón a la literatura podía ser, al mismo tiempo que un acto de creación artística, una manera de combatir el oscurantismo, la dictadura, las injusticias, y de disipar las legañas que velaban a hombres y mujeres la comprensión de la realidad.

La polémica entre Sartre y Camus sobre los campos de concentración en la URSS me produjo un prolongado trauma ideológico, que continuó resonando en mi memoria mucho tiempo, como un fermento activo e inquietante, al punto que, treinta años después de haberle dado la razón a Sartre, terminé dándosela a Camus.

Desde que escribí mis primeros cuentos estuve convencido de que nunca llegaría a ser un verdadero escritor si no vivía en París. Puede parecer muy ingenuo, pero hace medio siglo, estoy seguro, esta ilusión era compartida por innumerables jóvenes en todos los rincones del planeta que miraban a Francia como la meca de la literatura y el arte. Cuando conseguí, por fin, realizar mi sueño de vivir aquí, lo primero que me enseñó Francia fue, más bien, a descubrir América Latina y a descubrirme yo mismo como latinoamericano. Lo escribió Octavio Paz, presentando una antología: «París, capital de la cultura latinoamericana». No exageraba: aquí los artistas y escritores de América Latina se conocían, trataban y reconocían como miembros de una misma comunidad histórica y cultural, en tanto que, allá, vivíamos amurallados dentro de nuestros países, atentos a lo que ocurría en París, Londres o Nueva York, sin tener la menor idea de lo que ocurría en los países vecinos, y, a veces, ni en el nuestro.

Desde que escribí mis primeros cuentos estuve convencido de que nunca llegaría a ser un verdadero escritor si no vivía en París. Puede parecer muy ingenuo, pero hace medio siglo, estoy seguro, esta ilusión era compartida por innumerables jóvenes en todos los rincones del planeta que miraban a Francia como la meca de la literatura y el arte.

Mis siete años parisinos fueron los más decisivos de mi vida. Aquí me hice escritor, en efecto, aquí descubrí el amor-pasión de que hablaban tanto los surrealistas y aquí fui más feliz, o menos infeliz, que en ninguna otra parte. Aquí me impregné de esa literatura francesa del xix cuya fulgurante variedad y riqueza —Balzac, Flaubert, Stendhal, Baudelaire, Lautréamont, Rimbaud— todavía me siguen pareciendo sin parangón, ni en su tiempo ni en los venideros. Y aquí, en París, crecí, maduré, me equivoqué y rectifiqué, y estuve siempre tropezando, levantándome y aprendiendo, ayudado por libros y autores que, en cada crisis, cambio de actitud y de opinión, vinieron a echarme una mano y a guiarme hacia un puerto momentáneamente seguro en medio de las borrascas y la confusión. Quiero citar de nuevo a Albert Camus, a Raymond Aron, a Tocqueville, a Georges Bataille, a Jean-François Revel y a los beligerantes surrealistas: André Breton, Benjamin Péret. Y a Roger Caillois, quien tanto hizo por abrir a los escritores de América Latina las puertas de París. Mi trabajo de periodista en la France-Presse primero y luego en la ORTF (la Radio Televisión Francesa) me deparó algunas experiencias inolvidables, como el debate público entre Michel Debré y Pierre Mendès France, las conferencias de prensa del general De Gaulle y los discursos de André Malraux, el único gran escritor que conozco que hablaba tan bien como escribía. Recuerdo, sobre todo, tres de ellos: el que pronunció en el Panteón ante las cenizas de Jean Moulin, el del homenaje a Le Corbusier en el patio del Louvre y, abriendo una campaña electoral, aquel que comenzaba con esta incómoda verdad: «Quelle étrange époque, diront de la nôtre les historiens de l’avenir, où la droite n’était pas la droite, la gauche n’était pas la gauche, et le centre n’était pas au millieu». («Qué época tan extraña, dirán de la nuestra los historiadores del futuro, donde la derecha no era la derecha, la izquierda no era la izquierda, y el centro no estaba en el medio»).

Mario Vargas Llosa en Caracas, Venezuela, en 2008. Crédito: Getty Images.

Mario Vargas Llosa en Caracas, Venezuela, en 2008. Crédito: Getty Images.

Muchas cosas he aprendido de la cultura francesa, pero la que más a amar la libertad por encima de todas las cosas y a combatir todo lo que la amenaza y contradice. Y, también, que la literatura, si no es, en todas las circunstancias, una manera de resistir el conformismo, de alborotar el cotarro y subvertir los espíritus, no es nada. Esa tradición insumisa, libertaria, rebelde, y su vocación universal, es para mí, entre los varios afluentes del gran río de la cultura francesa, el más fértil y sigue siendo el más actual. Leyendo a los grandes escritores franceses, desde Montaigne, que desafió los prejuicios y el eurocentrismo de su tiempo  acercándose con respetuosa curiosidad a la cultura de los caníbales, ya que «chacun appelle barbarie ce qui n’est pas de son usage» («cada uno llama barbarie a lo que no se ajusta a sus costumbres»), hasta Sartre y los 121 firmantes del manifiesto en el que, en plena guerra de Argelia, se ofrecieron a llevar «les valises» del FLN por sus convicciones anticolonialistas, aprendí a entender que la verdadera cultura es como la libertad y la justicia: trasciende las fronteras y no puede ser acotada en los estrechos márgenes de una religión, una raza, una clase o una nación, sin traicionar su razón de ser y sin condenarse al provincialismo y a la mediocridad. Ninguna otra literatura ha sido, en el curso de su historia, menos nacionalista ni más universal que la francesa, y dudo que haya otra que, en todas sus etapas históricas, haya servido más efectivamente de contrapeso al poder, a todos los poderes, como aquella que ha enriquecido a la humanidad con las plumas de Molière, de Pascal, de Diderot, de Proust, de Michelet, de Céline, de Antonin Artaud y tantos otros. No sólo la belleza de sus formas artísticas o la elegancia de sus ideas le dio irradiación universal; también su espíritu crítico, su anticonformismo, ese permanente cuestionamiento de lo que Flaubert llamaba «les idées reçues» («las ideas recibidas»).

Muchas cosas he aprendido de la cultura francesa, pero la que más a amar la libertad por encima de todas las cosas y a combatir todo lo que la amenaza y contradice. Y, también, que la literatura, si no es, en todas las circunstancias, una manera de resistir el conformismo, de alborotar el cotarro y subvertir los espíritus, no es nada.

Nunca fui alumno oficial de la Sorbona. Pero sí fui un alumno polizonte de algunos cursos del tercer ciclo, en mis primeros años en París, y éste es momento oportuno para recordarlos. No podían ser más diferentes el uno del otro. Lucien Goldmann mantenía aún viva, gracias a su espíritu abierto, la quimera de un marxismo antiautoritario y librepensador, y su acercamiento a la literatura convocaba a todas las ciencias humanas, la historia, la sociología, la filosofía, para explorarla en profundidad y entender las sutiles maneras en que sus imágenes y fantasías influían en el devenir histórico. Nadie lo sabía, pero él cerraba toda una época en la que la literatura y la vida parecían inseparables. El seminario de Roland Barthes, en cambio, abría una nueva, en que formidables constructores de espejismos, como él, Foucault y Derrida, iban a empeñarse en divorciarlas de manera irremediable. En las clases de Barthes, como en sus libros, detrás de la lingüística, la semiótica, el grado cero de la escritura, y otras muy sutiles innovaciones del vocabulario crítico, los sofismas y el malabarismo intelectual alcanzaban unos niveles soberbios de exquisitez y refinamiento. Nacía, disfrazada de crítica, una nueva rama de la ficción, llamada teoría. En las clases de Goldmann, la literatura, aunque algo maltratada a veces por la ideología, estaba todavía anclada en la experiencia vivida, a la que modificaba y explicaba; en las de Barthes, se confinaba en sí misma, convertida en un discurso que remitía a otros discursos, en textos que sólo se entendían en relación con otros textos. Cuando Jacques Derrida dictaminó que no sólo la literatura, la vida misma, era sólo un texto, un juego de ilusionismo lingüístico que se disolvía en un abismo retórico sin moral, sin historia y sin significado, dije: «Hasta aquí nomás». En los años de hegemonía deconstruccionista mi amor por la literatura me alejó de la actualidad y me llevó a refugiarme en los clásicos. Mi pasión por la literatura francesa me indujo a esfuerzos valerosos como leer todo el nouveau roman y buen número de ensayos estructuralistas; pero el deconstruccionismo me asfixió, y tuvo el mérito de retrocederme a Proust, a Sainte-Beuve, y a Flaubert, ¡siempre a Flaubert!

Mario Vargas Llosa en Monterrey, México, en 2015. Crédito: Getty Images.

Mario Vargas Llosa en Monterrey, México, en 2015. Crédito: Getty Images.

Termino con un recuerdo familiar. Cuando era niño, insistía para que mi abuela viejecita, una excelente contadora de cuentos, me contara una y otra vez la historia de un antepasado al que ella, para decir que se trataba de un hombre de costumbres poco recomendables, llamaba un «liberal». Este caballero, una mañana, a la hora del almuerzo advirtió a su mujer y a sus hijos que salía un momento a la plaza de Armas de Arequipa a comprar un periódico. La familia nunca volvió a saber de él hasta muchos años después, cuando se enteró que el desaparecido había muerto en París. Lo más bonito del cuento era el final. «¿Y a qué se escapó a París ese tío liberal, abuela?». «A qué iba a ser, hijito. ¡A corromperse!». El amor a Francia tiene una antigua tradición en la familia de este escribidor, que les agradece una vez más el inmerecido honor que hoy le confieren.

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