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Yuval Noah Harari: «Para las empresas de redes sociales, la forma más fácil de mantener a la gente enganchada es apelar al miedo, al odio y a la ira»

Confundir las voces con el ruido es uno de los grandes males de nuestros días. En «Nexus: Una breve historia de las redes de información desde la Edad de Piedra hasta la IA» (Debate), Yuval Noah Harari desgrana los perniciosos efectos que la inteligencia artificial tiene ya sobre la calidad de la información y de las democracias, y alerta de las amenazas (totalitarismos incluidos) que piden una regulación legislativa a gritos. Con un precedente tan inquietante y consumado como el de la manipulación orquestada de Cambridge Analytica, la consultora de comunicación que a lo largo de 2016 privilegió el posicionamiento de los mensajes de extrema derecha que emitían los usuarios de Facebook para fomentar el ascenso de Donald Trump en la intención de voto de los ciudadanos estadounidenses, solo nos queda decir: quien avisa no es traidor. Rescatamos las principales declaraciones del sociólogo israelí a su paso por Madrid a finales de 2024.

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impacto electoral de la inteligencia artificial y la desinformaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00ab<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/ciencia-y-tecnologia\/341141-ebook-nexus-9788419951038\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Nexus<\/a><\/em><\/span>, que se public\u00f3 en plena campa\u00f1a electoral estadounidense, versa sobre algunos de los temas pol\u00edticos m\u00e1s candentes y sobre esc\u00e1ndalos electorales, as\u00ed que recibi\u00f3 mucha atenci\u00f3n por parte de la prensa y televisi\u00f3n norteamericanas. La mayor\u00eda de los estadounidenses ignoran el caso <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/noticias-43472797\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Cambridge Analytica<\/span><\/a>, la consultora de comunicaci\u00f3n de Facebook que, por encargo del partido republicano, manipul\u00f3 los algoritmos de la red para privilegiar la visibilizaci\u00f3n de los contenidos de extrema derecha en el feed de los usuarios durante la campa\u00f1a de las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016, en las que result\u00f3 elegido <a href=\\\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_Trump\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Donald Trump<\/span>.<\/a> El impacto que la inteligencia artificial y la desinformaci\u00f3n pueden tener en el resultado de las elecciones es incalculable\u00bb.<br \/><br \/><\/p><p><strong>Muchos mensajes, escasa comunicaci\u00f3n: la gran paradoja de las tecnolog\u00edas de la informaci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abLa tecnolog\u00eda de la informaci\u00f3n es m\u00e1s sofisticada que nunca, hasta el punto de que cada uno de nosotros puede hablar de t\u00fa a t\u00fa y de forma masiva con personas de la otra punta del mundo. As\u00ed que la gran pregunta es por qu\u00e9 los republicanos y los dem\u00f3cratas son m\u00e1s incapaces que nunca de ponerse de acuerdo en algo: solo coinciden en que el debate se est\u00e1 agotando. La gente no se pone de acuerdo en los hechos m\u00e1s b\u00e1sicos y ya no puede conversar de modo racional, todo ello poco despu\u00e9s de que los gigantes de la informaci\u00f3n hayan creado herramientas de comunicaci\u00f3n ultrasofisticadas que, seg\u00fan promet\u00edan, nos mantendr\u00edan a todos en contacto y difundir\u00edan la verdad. \u00bfC\u00f3mo se explica, entonces, lo que est\u00e1 ocurriendo en Estados Unidos, en Canad\u00e1, en Brasil\u2026?\u00bb.<br \/><br \/><\/p><p><strong>La verdad es cara y compleja, la mentira es barata y simple<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abLa informaci\u00f3n no es sin\u00f3nimo de verdad ni de conocimiento. Muy ingenuamente (o no), los magnates de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.semana.com\/tecnologia\/articulo\/que-es-el-silicon-valley-y-por-que-es-importante-en-la-industria-de-la-tecnologia\/202117\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Silicon Valley<\/a><\/span> se han basado en una premisa falsa: que la informaci\u00f3n y la verdad son lo mismo, y que inundar a la sociedad con m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n har\u00e1 que la gente sea m\u00e1s culta. Pero lo cierto es que la mayor parte de la informaci\u00f3n que circula por el mundo es basura y mentiras. La verdad es algo extraordinario, escaso y costoso. Para escribir una historia documentada y fiel a los hechos hay que invertir tiempo, dinero y esfuerzo. Para escribir una sarta de mentiras no hace falta nada de eso: basta con que alguien escriba lo primero que se le pase por la cabeza. La verdad es cara, la mentira es barata. La verdad suele ser complicada, porque la realidad lo es, pero la mentira puede hacerse tan simple como uno quiera. Y la gente por lo general prefiere los relatos simples a los complicados. Adem\u00e1s, la verdad es frecuentemente dolorosa. Hay cosas que mucha gente prefiere no saber sobre s\u00ed mismo, sobre su pa\u00eds, sobre quienes considera los suyos. Pero las mentiras pueden regalar los o\u00eddos tanto como quien las inventa quiera. As\u00ed que el mundo est\u00e1 lleno de informaci\u00f3n, pero es err\u00f3neo asumir que cuanta m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n tenga uno, m\u00e1s posibilidades hay de que la verdad salga a la luz. En la pr\u00e1ctica es al rev\u00e9s: cuantos m\u00e1s mensajes se generan, m\u00e1s oculta queda la verdad. Para que la verdad gane la partida hay que invertir en ella a trav\u00e9s de instituciones acad\u00e9micas o medi\u00e1ticas que desmonten los bulos y difundan la verdad. Y es responsabilidad de todos nosotros no ser tan ingenuos como para creer que todo lo que leemos es 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papel de la prensa para fortalecer la democracia<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abLa prensa es indispensable en las democracias. En las dictaduras hay una sola persona que habla a todos los dem\u00e1s, que han de permanecer callados, mientras que la democracia es un debate en el que la gente trata de llegar a un acuerdo. Hasta el advenimiento de la prensa moderna, la democracia a larga escala era simplemente imposible: las civilizaciones antiguas solo la ten\u00edan a peque\u00f1a escala en ciudades-estado, como Atenas, o en tribus m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as donde todos pod\u00edan reunirse y hablar. En los grandes pa\u00edses, en cambio, era t\u00e9cnicamente imposible que miles de personas hablaran las unas con las otras, y fue el advenimiento y apogeo de las tecnolog\u00edas de informaci\u00f3n modernas lo que posibilit\u00f3 por fin las conversaciones a gran escala. La primera de ellas fue el peri\u00f3dico, all\u00e1 por el siglo XVIII, en regiones como Holanda e Inglaterra, donde surgieron tambi\u00e9n las primeras democracias a gran escala de la historia gracias tambi\u00e9n a herramientas como el tel\u00e9grafo, la radio y la televisi\u00f3n. Estas tecnolog\u00edas son la base de las democracias modernas: sin ellas no hab\u00eda debate, y sin debate no pod\u00eda haber democracia\u00bb.\u00a0<\/p><p>___<\/p><p>\u00abLas tecnolog\u00edas que intervienen en el debate ciudadano han cambiado, y el resultado es un aut\u00e9ntico terremoto. Mucha gente confunde la democracia con las elecciones, pero estas son condici\u00f3n necesaria, pero no suficiente. Por otro lado, las elecciones se pueden trampear, como hemos visto en Venezuela o como sucede cada cuatro a\u00f1os en Corea del Norte. Y eso no es democracia. En las verdaderas democracias se pueden identificar y corregir los fallos o desmanes de los gobernantes. El pueblo puede decir: esto no funciona, probemos con otra cosa. Eso es lo que las diferencia de las dictaduras; por ejemplo, Putin nunca admitir\u00e1 un error. Las democracias ceden el poder a alguien durante un periodo de tiempo limitado, por lo general cuatro a\u00f1os, y cuando ese periodo acaba los ciudadanos vuelven a decidir si se quedan con eso o prefieren a otro partido\u00bb.\u00a0<\/p><p>___<\/p><p>\u00abEl gran problema de la democracia es su debilidad, porque al darle el poder a alguien este puede negarse a devolv\u00e9rselo al pueblo y ama\u00f1ar elecciones en su lugar. Por eso, para protegerse, las democracias necesitan un sistema de verificaci\u00f3n y control del poder, y para ello tanto el Parlamento como los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n deben ser independientes y dar cuenta de los fallos y, en su caso, mentiras de los gobernantes. Esa independencia de los medios es esencial, porque la democracia se basa en el debate, y en este deben prevalecer el conocimiento y la verdad. Los medios tienen un poder enorme: pueden proteger las democracias y tambi\u00e9n destruirlas\u00bb.<\/p><p>___<\/p><p>\u00abAlgunos dictadores modernos consolidaron su poder controlando los medios: tanto Lenin como Mussolini, sin ir m\u00e1s lejos, dirigieron sendos peri\u00f3dicos antes de hacerse con el poder. Hoy en d\u00eda ese poder est\u00e1 en manos de los nuevos gigantes medi\u00e1ticos y sus algoritmos: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram... Y cuando se les exigen responsabilidades, todos se escudan en la libertad de expresi\u00f3n y dicen que no quieren censurar a 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censurar ni difundir: el derecho a la estupidez<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abEstoy de acuerdo con <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elon_Musk\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Elon Musk<\/a><\/span> y <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/about.meta.com\/es\/media-gallery\/executives\/mark-zuckerberg\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Mark Zuckerberg<\/a><\/span> en una cosa: en que las empresas de redes sociales deben tener mucho cuidado antes de censurar a las personas. Si cualquiera de usuarios, intencionadamente o por error, publica algo que no es verdad, castigarle es extremo. La gente miente en su d\u00eda a d\u00eda y cuenta historias disparatadas en el bar o en el trabajo. La gente tiene derecho a ser est\u00fapida, incluso a mentir, exceptuando aquellas mentiras que est\u00e1n penadas por ley. Lo que no deber\u00eda ser legal es privilegiar intencionadamente la visibilizaci\u00f3n de las mentiras a trav\u00e9s de los algoritmos corporativos para as\u00ed difundirlas masivamente y, con ello, incrementar el tr\u00e1fico, la implicaci\u00f3n de los usuarios con las redes y, a la postre, obtener mayores beneficios econ\u00f3micos\u00bb.<br \/><br \/><\/p><p><strong>A la derecha y a la izquierda: los extremos se tocan<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abEn muchos pa\u00edses las estrategias tramposas y viciadas vienen de la extrema derecha, pero la extrema izquierda puede hacer lo mismo: pensemos en Venezuela, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.cidob.org\/lider-politico\/hugo-chavez-frias\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Ch\u00e1vez<\/a><\/span>, Maduro... Esto es, de hecho, lo que la una y la otra tienen en com\u00fan. Hay algo en lo que Donald Trump y Karl Marx coinciden: en su desconfianza y descr\u00e9dito hacia las instituciones que hist\u00f3ricamente han velado por la verdad: los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n, las universidades, la ciencia, el Parlamento... La extrema izquierda y la extrema derecha comparten una visi\u00f3n c\u00ednica del mundo en la que la \u00fanica realidad es el poder, que toda la interacci\u00f3n humana es una lucha de poder. Y eso no es cierto: hist\u00f3ricamente, la gente siempre ha querido saber la verdad sobre s\u00ed mismos, sobre el mundo, sobre la vida, porque sin ella no podemos ser felices. No podemos cortar las ra\u00edces de lo que nos hace desgraciados si no sabemos cu\u00e1les son.\u00a0 Pero <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.circulobellasartes.com\/biografia\/michel-foucault\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Foucault<\/a><\/span>, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/1006-edward-w-said\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Edward Said<\/a><\/span> y ahora tambi\u00e9n Trump dicen que los periodistas no les interesa la verdad, que solo son una herramienta de los poderosos\u00bb.\u00a0<\/p><p>___<\/p><p>\u00abDecir que las instituciones mienten sistem\u00e1ticamente, desacreditarlas, es el primer paso hacia las dictaduras. La democracia se basa en la confianza; sin ella, no funciona. A las dictaduras, en cambio, no les hace ninguna falta: se basan en el terror. La gente hambrienta de poder y que desprecia la verdad, como Putin, Maduro, Netanyahu, no parece muy feliz. Hoy en d\u00eda los periodistas, los acad\u00e9micos y los cient\u00edficos deben recordar a la gente que el poder no es lo \u00fanico que importa, que no todo es manipulaci\u00f3n, que la solidaridad tambi\u00e9n es importante. 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inteligencia artificial: cuando las m\u00e1quinas deciden (e inventan m\u00e1quinas nuevas)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abLa IA es muy diferente a todas las tecnolog\u00edas anteriores. No es una herramienta, es un agente independiente. Muchos inventos anteriores, como las armas nucleares o las bombas, tienen un enorme potencial destructivo, pero con ellas el poder estaba en manos humanas: eran personas quienes decid\u00edan si las usaban, d\u00f3nde y c\u00f3mo. La bomba, por s\u00ed misma, no decid\u00eda nada, ni inventaba armas nuevas, ni desarrollaba estrategias militares. La IA, por el contrario, s\u00ed puede tomar decisiones. Por otro lado, una bomba at\u00f3mica no pod\u00eda fabricar una bomba de hidr\u00f3geno, que es a\u00fan m\u00e1s poderosa. Pero la IA s\u00ed puede producir cosas nuevas por s\u00ed misma: ha empezado por lo peque\u00f1o, como im\u00e1genes o textos con c\u00f3digos de escritura, pero con el tiempo una herramienta de IA puede llegar a producir otra m\u00e1s poderosa, y generar con ello una explosi\u00f3n de IA incontrolable por el ser humano\u00bb.<br \/><br \/><\/p><p><strong>La (inestimable) capacidad creadora de la inteligencia artificial<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abEl logro m\u00e1s reciente en el desarrollo de la IA ha sido dotarla de la capacidad de crear historias que antes no exist\u00edan. Si miramos lo que eran las redes sociales hace unos a\u00f1os, los algoritmos de la IA ya controlaban el debate decidiendo qu\u00e9 visibilizaban m\u00e1s en el<em> feed<\/em>, pero no pod\u00edan crear contenidos: ni textos, ni m\u00fasica, ni im\u00e1genes, ni v\u00eddeos. Ahora, sin embargo, s\u00ed que pueden. Los contenidos no son \u00f3ptimos, tienen fallos claramente visibles, pero solo estamos en la primera etapa. Cuando arranc\u00f3 la revoluci\u00f3n de la IA, hace diez a\u00f1os, esta era como una ameba. Pero, mientras que a las amebas les llev\u00f3 millones de a\u00f1os convertirse en dinosaurios, la evoluci\u00f3n de la IA es un mill\u00f3n de veces m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida, y no pasar\u00e1n m\u00e1s de diez a\u00f1os o veinte a\u00f1os para que el Chat GPT se convierta en un dinosaurio. A m\u00ed me alucina que, ahora mismo, los textos que crea sean coherentes, con sus fallos pero con sentido, con argumentos. Soy profesor universitario, y cr\u00e9eme que muchos de mis estudiantes lo hacen infinitamente peor: son incapaces de relacionar unas ideas con otras. Y si el Chat GPT, que es la ameba, ya lo hace mejor que algunos humanos, \u00bfqu\u00e9 no podr\u00e1 hacer el dinosaurio? 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beneficios de la ia: la salud y la seguridad<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abLa inteligencia artificial no trae solo peligros: tambi\u00e9n puede traernos grandes avances. Por ejemplo, en el terreno de la salud, la IA puede hacer diagn\u00f3sticos excelentes, actualizarse diariamente con los descubrimientos m\u00e1s recientes, aplicar sus conocimientos a las particularidades a cada paciente y atender a un n\u00famero ilimitado de ellos: una sola m\u00e1quina puede hacer el trabajo de miles de doctores. Y ser\u00eda infinitamente m\u00e1s barata que los doctores humanos, con lo que hasta las personas de los lugares m\u00e1s pobres y remotos del planeta podr\u00edan hacer uso de ella sin problemas. Tambi\u00e9n puede ser muy \u00fatil para evitar los accidentes de tr\u00e1fico, que se deben mayoritariamente a errores humanos: los veh\u00edculos de conducci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica los eliminar\u00eda de un plumazo. Si en <em>Nexus<\/em> me he centrado en los peligros de la inteligencia artificial, y no en sus virtudes, es porque las empresas de IA, obviamente, dan buena cuenta de sus potenciales beneficios, pero no de las amenazas que acarrean. As\u00ed que les toca a otros especialistas hacer ese trabajo\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"d4ln3xm\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/harari-sandel\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Yuval Noah Harari y Michael J. Sandel: estos son los fantasmas que recorren nuestro mundo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/yuval-noah-harari-nexus-inteligencia-artificial-amenaza\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">\u00abNunca invoques un poder que no puedas controlar\u00bb: Yuval Noah Harari sobre c\u00f3mo la IA podr\u00eda amenazar la democracia y dividir al mundo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/yuval-noah-harari-futuro-daniel-kahneman\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">El futuro seg\u00fan Yuval Noah Harari: las personas no ser\u00e1n necesarias<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/yuval-noah-harari-sapiens-moises-naim-hay-festival\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Yuval Noah Harari: \u00abLa inteligencia artificial es una amenaza a la existencia humana\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"solid\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"tgv54t4\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"full_width\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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20 minutos

Por  Revista LENGUA / Edición de Carmen Cocina

Yuval Noah Harari en una imagen tomada en Toronto, Canadá, en septiembre de 2024. Crédito: Getty Images.

Yuval Noah Harari en una imagen tomada en Toronto, Canadá, en septiembre de 2024. Crédito: Getty Images.

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El impacto electoral de la inteligencia artificial y la desinformación

«Nexus, que se publicó en plena campaña electoral estadounidense, versa sobre algunos de los temas políticos más candentes y sobre escándalos electorales, así que recibió mucha atención por parte de la prensa y televisión norteamericanas. La mayoría de los estadounidenses ignoran el caso Cambridge Analytica, la consultora de comunicación de Facebook que, por encargo del partido republicano, manipuló los algoritmos de la red para privilegiar la visibilización de los contenidos de extrema derecha en el feed de los usuarios durante la campaña de las elecciones estadounidenses de 2016, en las que resultó elegido Donald Trump. El impacto que la inteligencia artificial y la desinformación pueden tener en el resultado de las elecciones es incalculable».

Muchos mensajes, escasa comunicación: la gran paradoja de las tecnologías de la información

«La tecnología de la información es más sofisticada que nunca, hasta el punto de que cada uno de nosotros puede hablar de tú a tú y de forma masiva con personas de la otra punta del mundo. Así que la gran pregunta es por qué los republicanos y los demócratas son más incapaces que nunca de ponerse de acuerdo en algo: solo coinciden en que el debate se está agotando. La gente no se pone de acuerdo en los hechos más básicos y ya no puede conversar de modo racional, todo ello poco después de que los gigantes de la información hayan creado herramientas de comunicación ultrasofisticadas que, según prometían, nos mantendrían a todos en contacto y difundirían la verdad. ¿Cómo se explica, entonces, lo que está ocurriendo en Estados Unidos, en Canadá, en Brasil…?».

La verdad es cara y compleja, la mentira es barata y simple

«La información no es sinónimo de verdad ni de conocimiento. Muy ingenuamente (o no), los magnates de Silicon Valley se han basado en una premisa falsa: que la información y la verdad son lo mismo, y que inundar a la sociedad con más y más información hará que la gente sea más culta. Pero lo cierto es que la mayor parte de la información que circula por el mundo es basura y mentiras. La verdad es algo extraordinario, escaso y costoso. Para escribir una historia documentada y fiel a los hechos hay que invertir tiempo, dinero y esfuerzo. Para escribir una sarta de mentiras no hace falta nada de eso: basta con que alguien escriba lo primero que se le pase por la cabeza. La verdad es cara, la mentira es barata. La verdad suele ser complicada, porque la realidad lo es, pero la mentira puede hacerse tan simple como uno quiera. Y la gente por lo general prefiere los relatos simples a los complicados. Además, la verdad es frecuentemente dolorosa. Hay cosas que mucha gente prefiere no saber sobre sí mismo, sobre su país, sobre quienes considera los suyos. Pero las mentiras pueden regalar los oídos tanto como quien las inventa quiera. Así que el mundo está lleno de información, pero es erróneo asumir que cuanta más información tenga uno, más posibilidades hay de que la verdad salga a la luz. En la práctica es al revés: cuantos más mensajes se generan, más oculta queda la verdad. Para que la verdad gane la partida hay que invertir en ella a través de instituciones académicas o mediáticas que desmonten los bulos y difundan la verdad. Y es responsabilidad de todos nosotros no ser tan ingenuos como para creer que todo lo que leemos es verdad».

  • ¡En oferta!

Nexus

El esperado nuevo libro de Yuval Noah Harari, uno de los pensadores más innovadores, interesantes y clarividentes de la actualidad, y autor de Sapiens, el fenómeno literario global que ha cautivado a millones de lectores. «El historiador tiene u...
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El papel de la prensa para fortalecer la democracia

«La prensa es indispensable en las democracias. En las dictaduras hay una sola persona que habla a todos los demás, que han de permanecer callados, mientras que la democracia es un debate en el que la gente trata de llegar a un acuerdo. Hasta el advenimiento de la prensa moderna, la democracia a larga escala era simplemente imposible: las civilizaciones antiguas solo la tenían a pequeña escala en ciudades-estado, como Atenas, o en tribus más pequeñas donde todos podían reunirse y hablar. En los grandes países, en cambio, era técnicamente imposible que miles de personas hablaran las unas con las otras, y fue el advenimiento y apogeo de las tecnologías de información modernas lo que posibilitó por fin las conversaciones a gran escala. La primera de ellas fue el periódico, allá por el siglo XVIII, en regiones como Holanda e Inglaterra, donde surgieron también las primeras democracias a gran escala de la historia gracias también a herramientas como el telégrafo, la radio y la televisión. Estas tecnologías son la base de las democracias modernas: sin ellas no había debate, y sin debate no podía haber democracia». 

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«Las tecnologías que intervienen en el debate ciudadano han cambiado, y el resultado es un auténtico terremoto. Mucha gente confunde la democracia con las elecciones, pero estas son condición necesaria, pero no suficiente. Por otro lado, las elecciones se pueden trampear, como hemos visto en Venezuela o como sucede cada cuatro años en Corea del Norte. Y eso no es democracia. En las verdaderas democracias se pueden identificar y corregir los fallos o desmanes de los gobernantes. El pueblo puede decir: esto no funciona, probemos con otra cosa. Eso es lo que las diferencia de las dictaduras; por ejemplo, Putin nunca admitirá un error. Las democracias ceden el poder a alguien durante un periodo de tiempo limitado, por lo general cuatro años, y cuando ese periodo acaba los ciudadanos vuelven a decidir si se quedan con eso o prefieren a otro partido». 

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«El gran problema de la democracia es su debilidad, porque al darle el poder a alguien este puede negarse a devolvérselo al pueblo y amañar elecciones en su lugar. Por eso, para protegerse, las democracias necesitan un sistema de verificación y control del poder, y para ello tanto el Parlamento como los medios de comunicación deben ser independientes y dar cuenta de los fallos y, en su caso, mentiras de los gobernantes. Esa independencia de los medios es esencial, porque la democracia se basa en el debate, y en este deben prevalecer el conocimiento y la verdad. Los medios tienen un poder enorme: pueden proteger las democracias y también destruirlas».

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«Algunos dictadores modernos consolidaron su poder controlando los medios: tanto Lenin como Mussolini, sin ir más lejos, dirigieron sendos periódicos antes de hacerse con el poder. Hoy en día ese poder está en manos de los nuevos gigantes mediáticos y sus algoritmos: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram... Y cuando se les exigen responsabilidades, todos se escudan en la libertad de expresión y dicen que no quieren censurar a nadie».

Yuval Noah Harari. Crédito: Love Tomorrow.

Yuval Noah Harari. Crédito: Love Tomorrow.

El sesgo del algoritmo y la primera plana: el posicionamiento privilegiado de los mensajes de odio, miedo e ira en las redes sociales

«En el campo del periodismo, la decisión más importante es si publicar algo o no, y hasta ahora la tomaba el director. Ahora, en algunos de los medios de comunicación más importantes del mundo, como Twitter y Facebook, esa decisión se ha dejado en manos de los algoritmos de la IA: no solo qué se publica y qué no, sino también a qué tipo de publicaciones y mensajes se les da más visibilidad. El principal problema no es lo que los usuarios puedan decir, desde mensajes de odio hasta teorías conspiranoicas en Twitter o Facebook, sino que los algoritmos de la plataforma privilegien la visibilización de dichos mensajes por encima del resto de los contenidos. Y lo que sucede es que los algoritmos están diseñados para difundir al máximo ese tipo de mensajes, porque enganchan a la gente y hacen que se queden más tiempo en las redes, con el consiguiente beneficio económico de las empresas de redes. La base del modelo de negocio de las redes sociales es maximizar la fidelidad de los usuarios, es decir, en mantenerles conectados a ellas el mayor tiempo posible.  Y han descubierto que la forma más fácil de conseguirlo es apelar al miedo, al odio y a la ira, y actúan en consecuencia, amplificando el eco de esos mensajes y contribuyendo con ello a generar aún más miedo, más odio y más ira. Eso ya no forma parte de la libertad de expresión, y deberían rendir cuentas por ello, exactamente igual que debería hacerlo el The New York Times si se hiciera eco en primera página de una teoría de la conspiración, la haya inventado su equipo o no. Y más aún teniendo en cuenta que hoy en día el impacto de las redes sociales (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube) es mayor que el de cualquier medio de comunicación tradicional».

Comparación de un vídeo original y uno deepfake del director ejecutivo de Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg. Crédito: Getty Images.

Comparación de un vídeo original y uno deepfake del director ejecutivo de Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg. Crédito: Getty Images.

Ni censurar ni difundir: el derecho a la estupidez

«Estoy de acuerdo con Elon Musk y Mark Zuckerberg en una cosa: en que las empresas de redes sociales deben tener mucho cuidado antes de censurar a las personas. Si cualquiera de usuarios, intencionadamente o por error, publica algo que no es verdad, castigarle es extremo. La gente miente en su día a día y cuenta historias disparatadas en el bar o en el trabajo. La gente tiene derecho a ser estúpida, incluso a mentir, exceptuando aquellas mentiras que están penadas por ley. Lo que no debería ser legal es privilegiar intencionadamente la visibilización de las mentiras a través de los algoritmos corporativos para así difundirlas masivamente y, con ello, incrementar el tráfico, la implicación de los usuarios con las redes y, a la postre, obtener mayores beneficios económicos».

A la derecha y a la izquierda: los extremos se tocan

«En muchos países las estrategias tramposas y viciadas vienen de la extrema derecha, pero la extrema izquierda puede hacer lo mismo: pensemos en Venezuela, Chávez, Maduro... Esto es, de hecho, lo que la una y la otra tienen en común. Hay algo en lo que Donald Trump y Karl Marx coinciden: en su desconfianza y descrédito hacia las instituciones que históricamente han velado por la verdad: los medios de comunicación, las universidades, la ciencia, el Parlamento... La extrema izquierda y la extrema derecha comparten una visión cínica del mundo en la que la única realidad es el poder, que toda la interacción humana es una lucha de poder. Y eso no es cierto: históricamente, la gente siempre ha querido saber la verdad sobre sí mismos, sobre el mundo, sobre la vida, porque sin ella no podemos ser felices. No podemos cortar las raíces de lo que nos hace desgraciados si no sabemos cuáles son.  Pero Foucault, Edward Said y ahora también Trump dicen que los periodistas no les interesa la verdad, que solo son una herramienta de los poderosos». 

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«Decir que las instituciones mienten sistemáticamente, desacreditarlas, es el primer paso hacia las dictaduras. La democracia se basa en la confianza; sin ella, no funciona. A las dictaduras, en cambio, no les hace ninguna falta: se basan en el terror. La gente hambrienta de poder y que desprecia la verdad, como Putin, Maduro, Netanyahu, no parece muy feliz. Hoy en día los periodistas, los académicos y los científicos deben recordar a la gente que el poder no es lo único que importa, que no todo es manipulación, que la solidaridad también es importante. La corrupción existe, sí, pero precisamente para eso están las distintas instituciones: para controlarse las unas a las otras».

Victoria Abril y Pedro Almodóvar en una imagen de enero de 1992, pocos meses después del estreno de Tacones lejanos. Crédito: Getty Images.

El candidato presidencial republicano, el ex presidente estadounidense Donald Trump, habla con los periodistas después de debatir con la candidata demócrata, la vicepresidenta estadounidense Kamala Harris, en el Centro de Convenciones de Pensilvania el 10 de septiembre de 2024. Crédito: Getty Images.

La inteligencia artificial: cuando las máquinas deciden (e inventan máquinas nuevas)

«La IA es muy diferente a todas las tecnologías anteriores. No es una herramienta, es un agente independiente. Muchos inventos anteriores, como las armas nucleares o las bombas, tienen un enorme potencial destructivo, pero con ellas el poder estaba en manos humanas: eran personas quienes decidían si las usaban, dónde y cómo. La bomba, por sí misma, no decidía nada, ni inventaba armas nuevas, ni desarrollaba estrategias militares. La IA, por el contrario, sí puede tomar decisiones. Por otro lado, una bomba atómica no podía fabricar una bomba de hidrógeno, que es aún más poderosa. Pero la IA sí puede producir cosas nuevas por sí misma: ha empezado por lo pequeño, como imágenes o textos con códigos de escritura, pero con el tiempo una herramienta de IA puede llegar a producir otra más poderosa, y generar con ello una explosión de IA incontrolable por el ser humano».

La (inestimable) capacidad creadora de la inteligencia artificial

«El logro más reciente en el desarrollo de la IA ha sido dotarla de la capacidad de crear historias que antes no existían. Si miramos lo que eran las redes sociales hace unos años, los algoritmos de la IA ya controlaban el debate decidiendo qué visibilizaban más en el feed, pero no podían crear contenidos: ni textos, ni música, ni imágenes, ni vídeos. Ahora, sin embargo, sí que pueden. Los contenidos no son óptimos, tienen fallos claramente visibles, pero solo estamos en la primera etapa. Cuando arrancó la revolución de la IA, hace diez años, esta era como una ameba. Pero, mientras que a las amebas les llevó millones de años convertirse en dinosaurios, la evolución de la IA es un millón de veces más rápida, y no pasarán más de diez años o veinte años para que el Chat GPT se convierta en un dinosaurio. A mí me alucina que, ahora mismo, los textos que crea sean coherentes, con sus fallos pero con sentido, con argumentos. Soy profesor universitario, y créeme que muchos de mis estudiantes lo hacen infinitamente peor: son incapaces de relacionar unas ideas con otras. Y si el Chat GPT, que es la ameba, ya lo hace mejor que algunos humanos, ¿qué no podrá hacer el dinosaurio? Los humanos llevan milenios creando historias, series de televisión, música, teatro, imágenes, pero a partir de ahora todo eso lo hará una inteligencia alienígena. ¿Qué impacto tendrá eso en los humanos, en su psicología?».

Yuval Noah Harari. Crédito: cortesía del autor.

Yuval Noah Harari. Crédito: cortesía del autor.

Los beneficios de la ia: la salud y la seguridad

«La inteligencia artificial no trae solo peligros: también puede traernos grandes avances. Por ejemplo, en el terreno de la salud, la IA puede hacer diagnósticos excelentes, actualizarse diariamente con los descubrimientos más recientes, aplicar sus conocimientos a las particularidades a cada paciente y atender a un número ilimitado de ellos: una sola máquina puede hacer el trabajo de miles de doctores. Y sería infinitamente más barata que los doctores humanos, con lo que hasta las personas de los lugares más pobres y remotos del planeta podrían hacer uso de ella sin problemas. También puede ser muy útil para evitar los accidentes de tráfico, que se deben mayoritariamente a errores humanos: los vehículos de conducción automática los eliminaría de un plumazo. Si en Nexus me he centrado en los peligros de la inteligencia artificial, y no en sus virtudes, es porque las empresas de IA, obviamente, dan buena cuenta de sus potenciales beneficios, pero no de las amenazas que acarrean. Así que les toca a otros especialistas hacer ese trabajo».

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