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Frantz Fanon hoy: una voz urgente frente al racismo, el colonialismo y la guerra

Nacido en julio de 1925 en el corazón del imperio francés y forjado por la violencia de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Frantz Fanon fue un psiquiatra, pensador anticolonial y exsoldado de origen martiniqueño cuya vida fue tan intensa como su prosa. Dedicó su corta existencia —murió a los 36— a desentrañar los mecanismos psicológicos de la opresión colonial y a combatirlos desde dentro. Su obra, entre la clínica y la trinchera, sigue incendiando conciencias. En tiempos de guerras asimétricas, racismo estructural y fantasmas imperiales, su pensamiento vuelve con la urgencia de quien nunca se fue del todo. Al hilo del centenario de su nacimiento, el editor Miguel Aguilar conversa con Adam Shatz, autor de «La clínica rebelde» (Debate, 2024), una impresionante biografía de Fanon, para ofrecer contexto sobre cómo sus escritos sobre raza, revolución y psicología del poder siguen dando forma a movimientos de todo el mundo.

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Aguilar: \u00bfQu\u00e9 lo motiv\u00f3 a escribir <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libro-de-biografias\/343248-libro-la-clinica-rebelde-9788419951502\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">una biograf\u00eda de Fanon<\/a><\/span>?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Adam Shatz:<\/strong> Me sent\u00ed impulsado a escribir este libro por una fascinaci\u00f3n que se remonta a mi adolescencia, cuando le\u00ed por primera vez <em>Piel negra, m\u00e1scaras blancas<\/em> en una clase de franc\u00e9s y me abrum\u00f3 el poder de su escritura. A lo largo de los a\u00f1os, tambi\u00e9n he escrito extensamente sobre intelectuales del mundo franc\u00f3fono, y me pareci\u00f3 que Fanon ejemplificaba al llamado <em>intellectuel engag\u00e9<\/em> o intelectual comprometido. No solo revolucion\u00f3 la forma en que pensamos sobre el colonialismo, el racismo y la psicolog\u00eda de la opresi\u00f3n, sino que tambi\u00e9n puso sus ideas en pr\u00e1ctica con una determinaci\u00f3n y audacia que hoy siguen siendo asombrosas. Al mismo tiempo, Fanon no fue un santo y pag\u00f3 un precio por formar parte de un movimiento revolucionario, por lo que su vida es tambi\u00e9n una historia sobre los peligros del compromiso, otro de los temas de mi biograf\u00eda, que busca honrar su ejemplo sin santificarlo.<\/p><p><strong>Miguel Aguilar: \u00bfCu\u00e1les de sus ideas son m\u00e1s valiosas hoy en d\u00eda?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Adam Shatz:<\/strong> Su \u00e9nfasis en la naturaleza ineludiblemente violenta de la relaci\u00f3n colonial, en c\u00f3mo la opresi\u00f3n colonial engendra una contraviolencia como respuesta, no solo por razones pragm\u00e1ticas (los colonizados buscan naturalmente liberarse del yugo colonial), sino tambi\u00e9n por razones psicol\u00f3gicas e incluso existenciales (la violencia es una forma en que los colonizados afirman su humanidad, su identidad, su existencia frente a un sistema que busca convertirlos en sujetos d\u00f3ciles, incluso en animales). 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Aguilar: \u00bfC\u00f3mo describir\u00eda su relaci\u00f3n con la violencia?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Adam Shatz:<\/strong> Fanon ten\u00eda una relaci\u00f3n profunda y conflictiva con la violencia. Era, no lo olvidemos, un hijo del imperio, descendiente de esclavos, de un pueblo que fue creado mediante una violencia extrema: el sistema de plantaciones moderno. No existir\u00eda el antillano negro sin esa violencia original. De joven, Fanon se convirti\u00f3 en soldado al unirse a las Fuerzas Francesas Libres; fue herido durante la guerra y recibi\u00f3 una Croix de Guerre por su servicio. Nunca volvi\u00f3 a combatir, y m\u00e1s bien detestaba la violencia, pero sigui\u00f3 siendo un soldado en esp\u00edritu, y cuando estall\u00f3 la revoluci\u00f3n argelina en noviembre de 1953, Fanon, por entonces jefe de servicios en el Hospital Psiqui\u00e1trico de Blida-Joinville, ofreci\u00f3 de inmediato sus servicios al FLN. La lucha contra la opresi\u00f3n era parte de su car\u00e1cter. No sorprende que se convirtiera en s\u00edmbolo del militantismo violento, en parte gracias al incendiario pr\u00f3logo de Sartre en <em>Los condenados de la tierra.<\/em> Y, sin embargo, sus opiniones sobre la violencia eran m\u00e1s complejas que eso, como he tratado de argumentar, no sin generar controversia, en mi libro.<\/p><p><strong>Miguel Aguilar: \u00bfC\u00f3mo fue recibido el libro en los distintos pa\u00edses?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Adam Shatz: <\/strong>En Estados Unidos, el libro ha sido bien recibido, aunque muy marcado por los ataques del 7 de octubre y <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/gaza-israel-hamas-guerra-dave-eggers\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">la guerra en Gaza<\/a><\/span>, casi como si Fanon estuviera escribiendo sobre Palestina en lugar de Argelia. En Brasil, tengo entendido que ha despertado inter\u00e9s debido a la exploraci\u00f3n de Fanon sobre la raza, el racismo y el legado de la esclavitud. En Francia, donde la recepci\u00f3n fue particularmente positiva, se ha le\u00eddo en relaci\u00f3n con el legado de la colonizaci\u00f3n en Argelia y las Antillas. En cada caso, el inter\u00e9s refleja las preocupaciones hist\u00f3ricas particulares de cada pa\u00eds, lo que me parece un testimonio del alcance de la obra de Fanon.<\/p><p><strong>Miguel Aguilar: \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 cree que su figura ha resurgido en los \u00faltimos tiempos?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Adam Shatz: <\/strong>Ha resurgido debido a la violencia policial contra personas negras en Estados Unidos, por el auge y expansi\u00f3n de una extrema derecha racista que blande teor\u00edas como la del Gran Reemplazo, por <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/comic\/la-guerra-de-gaza-de-joe-sacco-primeras-paginas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">la continua guerra de Israel contra el pueblo palestino<\/a><\/span>, que ahora ha asumido la forma de un genocidio (un peligro siempre presente en las guerras coloniales, como Fanon insist\u00eda), y por las persistentes divisiones entre el \u00abNorte Global\u00bb y el \u00abSur Global\u00bb. Pero no habr\u00eda tenido tal resurgimiento si no fuera por la fuerza, el poder y la agudeza anal\u00edtica de su escritura. Como James Baldwin, Fanon tiene una forma de escribir que se siente extraordinariamente inmediata y urgente, una manera de hacer que los lectores sientan que les est\u00e1 hablando directamente. Es la marca de un gran escritor, y Fanon, adem\u00e1s de todas sus otras cualidades, fue un gran escritor.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"c4tdv5g\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/elecciones-presidenciales-de-estados-unidos-roger-senserrich\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos: un pa\u00eds en el abismo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/kamala-harris-maria-ramirez-entrevista-miguel-aguilar\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">La luz tras las sombras: Kamala Harris ante el reto de cambiar la historia<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/salman-rushdie-cuchillo-primeras-paginas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">El \u00abcuchillo\u00bb de Salman Rushdie no corta, repara: la memoria contra la barbarie<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/gael-faye-ruanda-el-jacaranda\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Ga\u00ebl Faye: \u00abRuanda fue el laboratorio del racismo biol\u00f3gico 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10 minutos

Por  Miguel Aguilar

Adam Shatz. Crédito: Sarah Shatz.

Adam Shatz. Crédito: Sarah Shatz.

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Miguel Aguilar: ¿Qué lo motivó a escribir una biografía de Fanon?

Adam Shatz: Me sentí impulsado a escribir este libro por una fascinación que se remonta a mi adolescencia, cuando leí por primera vez Piel negra, máscaras blancas en una clase de francés y me abrumó el poder de su escritura. A lo largo de los años, también he escrito extensamente sobre intelectuales del mundo francófono, y me pareció que Fanon ejemplificaba al llamado intellectuel engagé o intelectual comprometido. No solo revolucionó la forma en que pensamos sobre el colonialismo, el racismo y la psicología de la opresión, sino que también puso sus ideas en práctica con una determinación y audacia que hoy siguen siendo asombrosas. Al mismo tiempo, Fanon no fue un santo y pagó un precio por formar parte de un movimiento revolucionario, por lo que su vida es también una historia sobre los peligros del compromiso, otro de los temas de mi biografía, que busca honrar su ejemplo sin santificarlo.

Miguel Aguilar: ¿Cuáles de sus ideas son más valiosas hoy en día?

Adam Shatz: Su énfasis en la naturaleza ineludiblemente violenta de la relación colonial, en cómo la opresión colonial engendra una contraviolencia como respuesta, no solo por razones pragmáticas (los colonizados buscan naturalmente liberarse del yugo colonial), sino también por razones psicológicas e incluso existenciales (la violencia es una forma en que los colonizados afirman su humanidad, su identidad, su existencia frente a un sistema que busca convertirlos en sujetos dóciles, incluso en animales). Fanon tenía una comprensión muy profunda de «la vida onírica» del colonialismo y otras formas de sometimiento: la opresión se implanta en nuestra imaginación, en nuestra psique. Y a pesar de su insistencia en la violencia de la dinámica colonial, también fue profundamente sensible al impacto duradero de la violencia en las guerras coloniales, a los traumas que esta infligía, tema del capítulo final de su obra magna, Los condenados de la tierra, publicada poco antes de su muerte en diciembre de 1961.

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La clínica rebelde

El impresionante biografía de Frantz Fanon es también la historia de las convulsiones políticas e intelectuales del siglo XX, y se lee como un thriller ambientado en la descolonización y la Guerra Fría. Fanon fue el activista intelectual de la e...
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Miguel Aguilar: ¿Cómo describiría su relación con la violencia?

Adam Shatz: Fanon tenía una relación profunda y conflictiva con la violencia. Era, no lo olvidemos, un hijo del imperio, descendiente de esclavos, de un pueblo que fue creado mediante una violencia extrema: el sistema de plantaciones moderno. No existiría el antillano negro sin esa violencia original. De joven, Fanon se convirtió en soldado al unirse a las Fuerzas Francesas Libres; fue herido durante la guerra y recibió una Croix de Guerre por su servicio. Nunca volvió a combatir, y más bien detestaba la violencia, pero siguió siendo un soldado en espíritu, y cuando estalló la revolución argelina en noviembre de 1953, Fanon, por entonces jefe de servicios en el Hospital Psiquiátrico de Blida-Joinville, ofreció de inmediato sus servicios al FLN. La lucha contra la opresión era parte de su carácter. No sorprende que se convirtiera en símbolo del militantismo violento, en parte gracias al incendiario prólogo de Sartre en Los condenados de la tierra. Y, sin embargo, sus opiniones sobre la violencia eran más complejas que eso, como he tratado de argumentar, no sin generar controversia, en mi libro.

Miguel Aguilar: ¿Cómo fue recibido el libro en los distintos países?

Adam Shatz: En Estados Unidos, el libro ha sido bien recibido, aunque muy marcado por los ataques del 7 de octubre y la guerra en Gaza, casi como si Fanon estuviera escribiendo sobre Palestina en lugar de Argelia. En Brasil, tengo entendido que ha despertado interés debido a la exploración de Fanon sobre la raza, el racismo y el legado de la esclavitud. En Francia, donde la recepción fue particularmente positiva, se ha leído en relación con el legado de la colonización en Argelia y las Antillas. En cada caso, el interés refleja las preocupaciones históricas particulares de cada país, lo que me parece un testimonio del alcance de la obra de Fanon.

Miguel Aguilar: ¿Por qué cree que su figura ha resurgido en los últimos tiempos?

Adam Shatz: Ha resurgido debido a la violencia policial contra personas negras en Estados Unidos, por el auge y expansión de una extrema derecha racista que blande teorías como la del Gran Reemplazo, por la continua guerra de Israel contra el pueblo palestino, que ahora ha asumido la forma de un genocidio (un peligro siempre presente en las guerras coloniales, como Fanon insistía), y por las persistentes divisiones entre el «Norte Global» y el «Sur Global». Pero no habría tenido tal resurgimiento si no fuera por la fuerza, el poder y la agudeza analítica de su escritura. Como James Baldwin, Fanon tiene una forma de escribir que se siente extraordinariamente inmediata y urgente, una manera de hacer que los lectores sientan que les está hablando directamente. Es la marca de un gran escritor, y Fanon, además de todas sus otras cualidades, fue un gran escritor.

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