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Auschwitz desde dentro: Simone Veil contra la desmemoria

Abogada, política y feminista, Simone Veil fue ministra de Sanidad de Francia entre 1974 y 1979, así como la primera mujer en presidir el Parlamento Europeo. Además -y tal vez por encima de todo-, Veil fue una superviviente del Holocausto: hija menor de una familia judía laica no practicante, en 1944 fue detenida e internada en el campo de Drancy, desde donde fue trasladada al campo nazi de Auschwitz-Birkenau, junto con su madre y su hermana. En el libro de memorias «Solo la esperanza calma el dolor» (Lumen, enero de 2025), Veil (fallecida en 2017 y enterrada con honores en el Panteón de París) relata los 18 meses que pasó en los campos de exterminio: el frío, el hambre, las vejaciones, las amistades, la relación entre los hombres y las mujeres, la «marcha de la muerte» a Bergen-Belsen y el retorno con sus renovadas dosis de humillación. Cuando se cumplen 80 años de la liberación de Auschwitz (el 27 de enero de 1945), en LENGUA publicamos un extracto de esta autobiografía en el que la autora recuerda y narra su paso por el campo nazi, un testimonio memorable y profundamente conmovedor que advierte del peligro de olvidar o banalizar la «Shoah», el término hebreo utilizado para referirse al holocausto.

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Adem\u00e1s -y tal vez por encima de todo-, Veil fue una superviviente del Holocausto: hija menor de una familia jud\u00eda laica no practicante, en 1944 fue detenida e internada en el campo de Drancy, desde donde fue trasladada al campo nazi de Auschwitz-Birkenau, junto con su madre y su hermana. En el libro de memorias \u00abSolo la esperanza calma el dolor\u00bb (Lumen, enero de 2025), Veil (fallecida en 2017 y enterrada con honores en el Pante\u00f3n de Par\u00eds) relata los 18 meses que pas\u00f3 en los campos de exterminio: el fr\u00edo, el hambre, las vejaciones, las amistades, la relaci\u00f3n entre los hombres y las mujeres, la \u00abmarcha de la muerte\u00bb a Bergen-Belsen y el retorno con sus renovadas dosis de humillaci\u00f3n. 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noche cerrada. Hacia las doce o la una de la madrugada, no s\u00e9. El tren se detiene bruscamente. Las puertas se abren y, como son vagones para el ganado, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/futbol-boxeo-y-burdeles-en-los-campos-nazis\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">unas personas en pijama de rayas<\/a><\/span> entran corriendo, haci\u00e9ndonos salir a toda velocidad. Ladridos de perros. Aquella iluminaci\u00f3n tan brutal, debido a que en el and\u00e9n est\u00e1n esos focos que proyectan una luz muy intensa sobre los vagones. La salida de los vagones es muy r\u00e1pida gracias a esos presos, puesto que, en el fondo, para nosotros, van vestidos como presos. Todo transcurre muy muy deprisa. Algunos llevan un bolsito de mano o una bolsa peque\u00f1a. Me parece recordar que yo no. De hecho, creo que nunca hab\u00eda tenido ning\u00fan bolso de mano. No hab\u00eda maletas, solo peque\u00f1os equipajes. Nos sacan fuera y nos ponen en fila bajo los focos. Uno de aquellos presos, probablemente un franc\u00e9s... Creo que siempre eleg\u00edan a personas de la nacionalidad de los que llegaban en el convoy porque eso les ayudaba, no a calmar a la gente, sino a hacerles comprender que ten\u00edan que ponerse en fila. El franc\u00e9s en cuesti\u00f3n me pregunta: \u00ab\u00bfCu\u00e1ntos a\u00f1os tienes?\u00bb. Le respondo: \u00abDiecis\u00e9is a\u00f1os y medio\u00bb, y me dice: \u00abDi que tienes dieciocho\u00bb. Y eso nos pas\u00f3 a muchos. Al menos entre los j\u00f3venes, porque con diecis\u00e9is a\u00f1os a veces entras en el campo, pero no muy a menudo, porque la edad es 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las cinco o las seis de la ma\u00f1ana, no s\u00e9, se presenta todo un grupo de kapos, unas para afeitarnos la cabeza, otras el vello del cuerpo. A pesar de todo, tenemos suerte \u2014lo digo porque es importante\u2014 de que a la mayor\u00eda de las mujeres de nuestro convoy no nos afeiten el pelo. Nos dimos cuenta despu\u00e9s. A algunas se lo afeitaron, pero a muy pocas. Si tienes el pelo corto pero no afeitado, psicol\u00f3gicamente es muy muy distinto, desde luego. <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/art-spiegelman-liniers\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Luego est\u00e1 el tatuaje<\/a><\/span>. Evidentemente, el tatuaje no duele. Pero nos decimos que si nos tat\u00faan es porque ya nos consideran solo n\u00fameros y, sobre todo, que no vamos a salir de ah\u00ed, que es algo para toda la vida. Eso es lo que pensamos. Luego empiezan a correr los rumores. O, m\u00e1s bien, como la mayor\u00eda ten\u00eda familia que se hab\u00eda ido en los camiones \u2014era raro que hubiera gente que no se encontrara en esa situaci\u00f3n\u2014, empezaron a preguntar d\u00f3nde estaban... Las kapos y las veteranas les replican: \u00abBah, mira, mira el humo. Los han gaseado y se acab\u00f3\u00bb. Pensamos que nos mienten adrede, no podemos creerlo, lo cual demuestra que era inimaginable... Nadie dud\u00f3 en subirse al cami\u00f3n. Probablemente incluso los que lo sab\u00edan no dijeron nada, precisamente para asegurarse de que no hubiera... <em>(Hace una pausa).\u00a0<\/em><\/p><p>Recuerdo mi n\u00famero... (2). Es muy c\u00f3modo tener uno. Cuando quiero estar segura de recordar un n\u00famero, para la combinaci\u00f3n de una caja fuerte, para una llave, tengo dos: mi n\u00famero y el 18 de enero de 1945, es decir el 18145 (3). Es el c\u00f3digo que uso para una maletita que me gusta y que tengo en casa, siempre cerrada... Son cifras que no se olvidan. La del brazo, est\u00e1 claro que no puede olvidarse, a\u00fan s\u00e9 decirla en alem\u00e1n.\u00a0<\/p><p>Pero el 18 de enero de 1945, tampoco.<\/p><p>Permanecemos en el mismo bloque, todas juntas, en cuarentena, pero en realidad ya empezamos a trabajar desde ese mismo momento. Como llegaban vagones con piedras, que hab\u00eda que cargar o descargar, y siempre hab\u00eda cosas que limpiar, que nivelar, nos quedamos muy poco tiempo en el bloque. Enseguida, incluso durante la cuarentena, llevamos a cabo excavaciones, que era la ocupaci\u00f3n principal en los campos para cualquiera que no supiera hacer algo \u00fatil, en una f\u00e1brica, por ejemplo. As\u00ed que trabaj\u00e1bamos con piedras. Deprisa, muy muy deprisa, descarg\u00e1bamos las piedras de los vagones que llegaban. Qu\u00e9 estaban construyendo... lo ignoro. Siempre nos preguntamos para qu\u00e9 serv\u00edan todos aquellos movimientos de tierra. Transport\u00e1bamos cosas, cav\u00e1bamos zanjas o nos dedic\u00e1bamos a quitar todas las piedras de un terreno, el terreno en cuesti\u00f3n ten\u00eda que quedar completamente llano. Eso fue m\u00e1s tarde, cuando estuve en Bobrek. Nunca entend\u00ed cu\u00e1l era su utilidad, si quer\u00edan construir una pista de tenis. En fin, no ten\u00eda el menor sentido.<br \/><br \/><\/p><p><br \/>Notas al pie:<\/p><p>(1) Los kapos son presos y presas encargados de supervisar a los deportados<\/p><p>(2) El n\u00famero 78651.\u00a0<\/p><p>(3) Fecha de la evacuaci\u00f3n del campo de Auschwitz. Comienza la \u00abmarcha de la muerte\u00bb de los deportados hacia los campos en Alemania.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"k5qp38h\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/art-spiegelman-liniers\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Art Spiegelman: \u00abAuschwitz estaba en mi patio trasero: era mi casa\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/george-orwell-mein-kampf-adolf-hitler\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">George Orwell sobre \u00abMein Kampf\u00bb: Hitler o el m\u00e1rtir Prometeo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/futbol-boxeo-y-burdeles-en-los-campos-nazis\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">F\u00fatbol, boxeo y burdeles en los campos nazis<\/a><\/span><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"solid\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"ek8e39o\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"full_width\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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10 minutos
Simone Veil en una imagen de 1992, cuando era miembro de Parlamento Europeo. Crédito: Getty Images.

Simone Veil en una imagen de 1992, cuando era miembro de Parlamento Europeo. Crédito: Getty Images.

Era noche cerrada. Hacia las doce o la una de la madrugada, no sé. El tren se detiene bruscamente. Las puertas se abren y, como son vagones para el ganado, unas personas en pijama de rayas entran corriendo, haciéndonos salir a toda velocidad. Ladridos de perros. Aquella iluminación tan brutal, debido a que en el andén están esos focos que proyectan una luz muy intensa sobre los vagones. La salida de los vagones es muy rápida gracias a esos presos, puesto que, en el fondo, para nosotros, van vestidos como presos. Todo transcurre muy muy deprisa. Algunos llevan un bolsito de mano o una bolsa pequeña. Me parece recordar que yo no. De hecho, creo que nunca había tenido ningún bolso de mano. No había maletas, solo pequeños equipajes. Nos sacan fuera y nos ponen en fila bajo los focos. Uno de aquellos presos, probablemente un francés... Creo que siempre elegían a personas de la nacionalidad de los que llegaban en el convoy porque eso les ayudaba, no a calmar a la gente, sino a hacerles comprender que tenían que ponerse en fila. El francés en cuestión me pregunta: «¿Cuántos años tienes?». Le respondo: «Dieciséis años y medio», y me dice: «Di que tienes dieciocho». Y eso nos pasó a muchos. Al menos entre los jóvenes, porque con dieciséis años a veces entras en el campo, pero no muy a menudo, porque la edad es dieciocho.

  • ¡En oferta!
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SIMONE VEIL INÉDITA En el 80 aniversario de la liberación de Auschwitz, un testimonio memorable, un relato profundamente conmovedor. Premio Babelio de No Ficción
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Así que nos ponemos en fila y entramos las tres. No nos damos cuenta de lo que pasa, apenas tenemos tiempo de ver que apartan a los niños o a los que dicen estar cansados. Como estamos juntas las tres, ni siquiera decimos que estamos cansadas. Pensamos que la gente de los camiones se nos unirá luego, así que no nos hacemos demasiadas preguntas. Y, además, en ese momento la rampa que conduce al crematorio aún no está instalada, hemos llegado justo antes, así que vamos a pie hasta el interior del campo. 

Nos encontramos en una especie de edificio de hormigón, con algunas ventanas en las esquinas, donde no hay nada. Nos sentamos en el suelo, intentamos dormir y hablamos entre nosotras. Pasamos unas horas así. Las que están con nosotras y tenían familia en los camiones no se preocupan. Luego aparecen las kapos (ver pie de texto: 1). Empiezan a venir las kapos —deportadas— y nos dicen: «Si tenéis joyas, si tenéis dinero, dádnoslo, porque de todas formas no vais a conservar nada, así que es mejor que nos lo deis». Una amiga que había viajado con nosotras desde Niza tenía, siempre lo recordaré, un frasco de perfume Lanvin —compro el mismo de vez en cuando, siempre pensando en ella (sonríe)— y preferimos ponérnoslo nosotras antes que dárselo a ellas. Y luego esperamos, nos dicen cosas terribles, no les hacemos caso. Ni siquiera intentamos dormir, imposible, así que conversamos.

Auschwitz, Polonia. 27 de enero de 2005. Simone Veil (abajo a la derecha) regresa a Auschwitz para participar en una ceremonia por el 60 aniversario de la liberación del campo de exterminio. Veil fue deportada en 1944, cuando tenía 16 años. Crédito: Getty Images.

Auschwitz, Polonia. 27 de enero de 2005. Simone Veil (abajo a la derecha) regresa a Auschwitz para participar en una ceremonia por el 60 aniversario de la liberación del campo de exterminio. Veil fue deportada en 1944, cuando tenía 16 años. Crédito: Getty Images.

Hacia las cinco o las seis de la mañana, no sé, se presenta todo un grupo de kapos, unas para afeitarnos la cabeza, otras el vello del cuerpo. A pesar de todo, tenemos suerte —lo digo porque es importante— de que a la mayoría de las mujeres de nuestro convoy no nos afeiten el pelo. Nos dimos cuenta después. A algunas se lo afeitaron, pero a muy pocas. Si tienes el pelo corto pero no afeitado, psicológicamente es muy muy distinto, desde luego. Luego está el tatuaje. Evidentemente, el tatuaje no duele. Pero nos decimos que si nos tatúan es porque ya nos consideran solo números y, sobre todo, que no vamos a salir de ahí, que es algo para toda la vida. Eso es lo que pensamos. Luego empiezan a correr los rumores. O, más bien, como la mayoría tenía familia que se había ido en los camiones —era raro que hubiera gente que no se encontrara en esa situación—, empezaron a preguntar dónde estaban... Las kapos y las veteranas les replican: «Bah, mira, mira el humo. Los han gaseado y se acabó». Pensamos que nos mienten adrede, no podemos creerlo, lo cual demuestra que era inimaginable... Nadie dudó en subirse al camión. Probablemente incluso los que lo sabían no dijeron nada, precisamente para asegurarse de que no hubiera... (Hace una pausa). 

Recuerdo mi número... (2). Es muy cómodo tener uno. Cuando quiero estar segura de recordar un número, para la combinación de una caja fuerte, para una llave, tengo dos: mi número y el 18 de enero de 1945, es decir el 18145 (3). Es el código que uso para una maletita que me gusta y que tengo en casa, siempre cerrada... Son cifras que no se olvidan. La del brazo, está claro que no puede olvidarse, aún sé decirla en alemán. 

Pero el 18 de enero de 1945, tampoco.

Permanecemos en el mismo bloque, todas juntas, en cuarentena, pero en realidad ya empezamos a trabajar desde ese mismo momento. Como llegaban vagones con piedras, que había que cargar o descargar, y siempre había cosas que limpiar, que nivelar, nos quedamos muy poco tiempo en el bloque. Enseguida, incluso durante la cuarentena, llevamos a cabo excavaciones, que era la ocupación principal en los campos para cualquiera que no supiera hacer algo útil, en una fábrica, por ejemplo. Así que trabajábamos con piedras. Deprisa, muy muy deprisa, descargábamos las piedras de los vagones que llegaban. Qué estaban construyendo... lo ignoro. Siempre nos preguntamos para qué servían todos aquellos movimientos de tierra. Transportábamos cosas, cavábamos zanjas o nos dedicábamos a quitar todas las piedras de un terreno, el terreno en cuestión tenía que quedar completamente llano. Eso fue más tarde, cuando estuve en Bobrek. Nunca entendí cuál era su utilidad, si querían construir una pista de tenis. En fin, no tenía el menor sentido.


Notas al pie:

(1) Los kapos son presos y presas encargados de supervisar a los deportados

(2) El número 78651. 

(3) Fecha de la evacuación del campo de Auschwitz. Comienza la «marcha de la muerte» de los deportados hacia los campos en Alemania.

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