Entrevistas

Cazadoras, amazonas y artistas: Marylène Patou-Mathis y la verdad sobre las mujeres del Paleolítico

En «El hombre prehistórico es también una mujer» (Lumen), la preshistoriadora francesa revela información que choca profundamente con la imagen que les atribuía a las mujeres el grueso del gremio antropológico hasta hace escasamente tres décadas. Con el análisis de ADN y la bioquímica como armas, Marylène Patou-Mathis desmiente lo que hasta hace poco un largo reguero de sus homólogos masculinos presentaban como hechos irrefutables y cuestiona otras supuestas verdades absolutas que no tienen más peso que el de la arraigada mirada patriarcal de la que surgieron. En esta entrevista, la arqueología de género arroja luz sobre este revelador -y necesario- hallazgo.

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mundo (prehist\u00f3rico) es del color del cristal con que se mira\u00bb podr\u00eda ser un t\u00edtulo alternativo para <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/economia-politica-y-actualidad\/255196-el-hombre-prehistorico-es-tambien-una-mujer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">El hombre prehist\u00f3rico es tambi\u00e9n una mujer<\/a><\/em><\/span>, el reci\u00e9n publicado ensayo de\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/168794-marylene-patou-mathis\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis<\/a><\/span> (Par\u00eds, 1955). Tras hacer acopio de los escritos de m\u00e1s de un centenar de arque\u00f3logos (y arque\u00f3logas) durante m\u00e1s de una d\u00e9cada y contrastar los resultados de sus propias investigaciones, la reputada prehistoriadora francesa ha llegado a una conclusi\u00f3n que no por (tristemente) previsible resulta menos escandalosa: al contrario de lo que la doctrina dominante (y hasta hace poco eminentemente masculina) ha inculcado en escuelas y universidades a ni\u00f1os y adultos de todo el mundo, la mujer del Paleol\u00edtico no era un ente pasivo que se limitaba a amamantar a sus hijos refugiada en su cueva, sino que existen pruebas concluyentes de que muchas de ellas cazaban, montaban a caballo y realizaban pinturas rupestres, actividades que ning\u00fan antrop\u00f3logo dud\u00f3 en atribuir exclusivamente al sexo masculino hasta bien entrados los a\u00f1os 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lo largo de un an\u00e1lisis tan exhaustivo como ameno, Patou-Mathis desgrana no solo las (cuestionables) conclusiones relativas a<span style=\\\"text-decoration-line: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/rosa-beltran-radicales-libres\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"> los roles del hombre y la mujer<\/a> <\/span>prehist\u00f3ricos y la cacareada divisi\u00f3n del trabajo que el grueso de su profesi\u00f3n present\u00f3 como certezas irrefutables hasta hace tres d\u00e9cadas, sino tambi\u00e9n el largo camino que el androcentrismo y la misoginia han recorrido desde la Antig\u00fcedad cl\u00e1sica y su profundo anclaje en la filosof\u00eda<span style=\\\"text-decoration-line: underline;\\\">,<\/span><span style=\\\"text-decoration-line: underline;\\\"> <\/span><span style=\\\"text-decoration-line: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/el-papa-francisco-a-las-neurosis-hay-que-cebarles-mate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">l<\/span>a religi\u00f3n<\/a><\/span>, la literatura, la sociedad y, desgraciadamente, tambi\u00e9n la medicina y la investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica. De los grandes fil\u00f3sofos griegos y los libros sagrados a Tom\u00e1s de Aquino, Balzac o Charles Darwin, la prehistoriadora hace un encomiable despliegue de las citas y aseveraciones que presentaban a la mujer como un ser inferior f\u00edsica e intelectualmente, incidiendo en c\u00f3mo los usos y costumbres del contexto social en el que se produjeron las investigaciones arqueol\u00f3gicas determinaron indefectiblemente sus conclusiones. 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\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 se decidi\u00f3 a escribir este libro?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:<\/strong> A lo largo de mis investigaciones constat\u00e9 que cuando se hablaba del \u00abhombre prehist\u00f3rico\u00bb no se utilizaba el t\u00e9rmino \u00abhombre\u00bb en un sentido\u00a0gen\u00e9rico, como sin\u00f3nimo de \u00abespecie humana\u00bb, sino que detr\u00e1s hab\u00eda una carga exclusivamente masculina. Los escritos de los antrop\u00f3logos hablaban sobre todo de actividades que supon\u00edan masculinas, como la caza, la talla de las armas y herramientas o las pinturas rupestres. <span style=\\\"text-decoration-line: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/audur-ava-olafsdottir-la-escritora\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Jam\u00e1s se hablaba de las mujeres<\/a>,<\/span> salvo para decir que se ocupaban de la crianza de los hijos. As\u00ed que me dije que ser\u00eda interesante contrastar cu\u00e1nto hab\u00eda de verdad en ello, si en efecto eran los hombres los \u00fanicos que realizaban esas actividades que los arque\u00f3logos les atribu\u00edan \u00fanicamente a ellos. Tambi\u00e9n quer\u00eda entender por qu\u00e9 nunca hablaban de los h\u00e1bitos y particularidades de las mujeres prehist\u00f3ricas.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00bfCu\u00e1les han sido las principales reacciones hasta ahora?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:<\/strong> La del p\u00fablico y los lectores ha sido muy buena. Cuando doy conferencias sobre el tema, los asistentes entienden perfectamente que no es acertado asumir sin m\u00e1s que las mujeres no participaron en el arte prehist\u00f3rico y otras actividades. No hay pruebas arqueol\u00f3gicas que indiquen que las mujeres se limitaban a recolectar y a cuidar a los hijos. Hoy, la mayor\u00eda de los arque\u00f3logos coinciden en que no hay razones de peso para descartar la posibilidad de que las mujeres participaran en el arte paleol\u00edtico, aunque algunos son m\u00e1s reacios a aceptar que cazaran y muchos siguen obviando la divisi\u00f3n sexual del trabajo, con el hombre dedicado a la caza y la mujer a las tareas del hogar.\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/indio-solari-marcelo-figueras\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Las tribus ind\u00edgenas<\/a><\/span> de hoy en d\u00eda (por ejemplo, los abor\u00edgenes australianos) tienen 10.000 a\u00f1os de historia a sus espaldas, igual que el resto de la sociedad, as\u00ed que lo que observemos en ellas no tiene por qu\u00e9 corresponderse con lo que suced\u00eda en la prehistoria. Ahora esas asunciones (tambi\u00e9n, por ejemplo, que fue un hombre y no una mujer quien descubri\u00f3 el fuego) empiezan a cuestionarse y el gremio apoya la idea de que es necesario investigar m\u00e1s para encontrar pruebas contundentes sobre qui\u00e9n hac\u00eda qu\u00e9.\u00a0<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"q49nw0c\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abJam\u00e1s se hablaba de las mujeres, salvo para decir que se ocupaban de la crianza de los hijos. As\u00ed que me dije que ser\u00eda interesante contrastar cu\u00e1nto hab\u00eda de verdad en ello, si en efecto eran los hombres los \u00fanicos que realizaban esas actividades que los arque\u00f3logos les atribu\u00edan \u00fanicamente a ellos\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"pe9pyi2\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Tal como describe en su libro, las conclusiones de los descubrimientos arqueol\u00f3gicos, la mayor parte elaboradas por hombres cient\u00edficos en el <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/luis-jorge-boone-y-la-gran-pregunta-de-la-literatura-mexicana-del-siglo-xxi\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">siglo XIX<\/a><\/span>, estaban sesgadas por su propio contexto sociocultural y sus ideas preconcebidas de los roles de hombre y mujer; por ejemplo, cuando encontraban un esqueleto humano enterrado junto a armas deduc\u00edan que se trataba de un hombre, y si lo que hab\u00eda eran joyas, que era una mujer. \u00bfHasta qu\u00e9 punto ha repercutido esa mirada masculina el grado de acierto en sus investigaciones?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:<\/strong>\u00a0Hasta los a\u00f1os cincuenta del siglo pasado, los \u00fanicos expertos en estudios prehist\u00f3ricos eran hombres occidentales con la mirada anclada en la sociedad en la que viv\u00edan, lastrados por los prejuicios y el automatismo. Ahora existen muchos expertos en la materia en otros pa\u00edses, pero hasta finales del siglo XIX los cient\u00edficos dedicados a la prehistoria estaban imbricados en\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/Cristina-Rivera-Garza-Selva-Almada-Liliana-Rivera-Garza\\\">un sistema patriarcal<\/a><\/span> que condicionaba sus conclusiones. Sin que existieran certezas sobre ello, atribuyeron ciertos f\u00f3siles a cuerpos de hombres porque eran robustos o porque yac\u00edan junto a armas. Las innovaciones t\u00e9cnicas, como la talla de herramientas, tambi\u00e9n se atribu\u00edan a hombres, probablemente porque durante la \u00e9poca de la investigaci\u00f3n casi todas las profesiones t\u00e9cnicas estaban vetadas a las mujeres. Para estos antrop\u00f3logos, en la prehistoria ten\u00eda que suceder lo mismo. Lejos de dudar (la base de todo estudio cient\u00edfico), extrapolaron su propia estructura social a la de los humanos de la prehistoria: para ellos lo l\u00f3gico era que la mujer se quedase en el hogar con los ni\u00f1os y que todas las <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/audur-ava-olafsdottir-la-escritora\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">actividades creadoras<\/a><\/span>, todas las innovaciones, hubiesen surgido de los hombres. Hoy en d\u00eda existen m\u00e9todos nuevos, especialmente el an\u00e1lisis de ADN, que permiten determinar sin lugar a dudas su g\u00e9nero, y muchos de los cuerpos atribuidos a hombres eran en realidad mujeres: en el Paleol\u00edtico eran muy fuertes, probablemente por sus largas andaduras para recolectar vegetales con sus hijos a cuestas.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"9qljqie\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abHasta finales del siglo XIX los cient\u00edficos estaban imbricados en un sistema patriarcal que condicionaba sus conclusiones. Atribuyeron ciertos f\u00f3siles a cuerpos de hombres porque eran robustos o porque yac\u00edan junto a armas. Las innovaciones t\u00e9cnicas se atribu\u00edan a hombres porque durante la \u00e9poca de la investigaci\u00f3n casi todas las profesiones t\u00e9cnicas estaban vetadas a las mujeres\u00bb.<\/p><p><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"z4z5ghv\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>El segundo cap\u00edtulo de su ensayo describe los prejuicios que tanto la mitolog\u00eda de la Antig\u00fcedad cl\u00e1sica como los libros sagrados y los escritos de antrop\u00f3logos, historiadores, arque\u00f3logos y fil\u00f3sofos tan celebrados como S\u00f3focles, Plat\u00f3n o Arist\u00f3teles han atribuido a las mujeres: hasta el Siglo de las Luces hab\u00eda unanimidad al considerar a la mujer como un ser inferior, f\u00edsica y psicol\u00f3gicamente d\u00e9bil, sin inteligencia, gobernada por sus \u00abhumores\u00bb y por su g\u00e9nero, ladina, peligrosa y \u00fanicamente \u00fatil para la reproducci\u00f3n y el cuidado de ni\u00f1os y enfermos. Desde el punto de vista cient\u00edfico, \u00bfcree que ese pez sigue dando coletazos hoy en d\u00eda?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:\u00a0<\/strong>Hay que situarse en su contexto. Hasta principios del siglo XX, la influencia de la religi\u00f3n es muy poderosa. Por mucho que los prehistoriadores fuesen por lo general ateos, tambi\u00e9n se hab\u00edan impregnado de un prejuicio religioso que calaba en toda la sociedad: que la mujer era inferior al hombre. Incluso en las <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/sara-barquinero-luna-miguel-estare-sola-y-sin-fiesta\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">universidades<\/a><\/span>, los m\u00e9dicos y antrop\u00f3logos se adher\u00edan tambi\u00e9n a esta creencia, recurriendo a argumentos y datos supuestamente cient\u00edficos para defender que hab\u00eda razas inferiores y que el g\u00e9nero femenino tambi\u00e9n lo era: menos robusta, con el cerebro m\u00e1s peque\u00f1o, hist\u00e9ricas, sin capacidad para inventar, tener vida social ni detentar poder\u2026 Al volver su mirada a los humanos prehist\u00f3ricos, calcaron todos esos prejuicios. Para ellos, todo progreso se deb\u00eda a los hombres. Por descontado, hoy en d\u00eda ya no miramos el mundo con esos ojos y aceptamos que <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/pilar-quintana-los-abismos-alfaguara\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">muchas profesiones que antes solo ejerc\u00edan los hombres tambi\u00e9n pueden ejercerlas las mujeres<\/a><\/span>. Todo ello nos lleva a detectar la necesidad de dejar de asumir como certezas las teor\u00edas de muchos prehistoriadores pret\u00e9ritos, desterrar sus prejuicios e investigar m\u00e1s a fondo para conocer la realidad de esa \u00e9poca. Por supuesto, a\u00fan hoy en d\u00eda muchos hombres piensan que las mujeres son inferiores [<em>Suelta una carcajada<\/em>], pero los interrogantes est\u00e1n ah\u00ed y los investigadores, que tambi\u00e9n tenemos los condicionantes de la sociedad de hoy, no debemos dejar que nos afecten. Ya en la prehistoria exist\u00edan muchas sociedades diferentes y probablemente cada una ten\u00eda su propia visi\u00f3n del mundo. Ser\u00eda un error tremendo asumir que las sociedades prehist\u00f3ricas ten\u00edan la misma estructura que la nuestra.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00bfCu\u00e1ndo surgieron las primeras voces cr\u00edticas con los roles que la arqueolog\u00eda ven\u00eda atribuyendo al g\u00e9nero masculino y al femenino?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:\u00a0<\/strong>En los a\u00f1os setenta del siglo pasado las antrop\u00f3logas americanas comenzaron a deconstruir el modelo del hombre cazador como base de la sociedad prehist\u00f3rica y propusieron el de la mujer recolectora,\u00a0que a\u00fan hoy impera en muchas zonas geogr\u00e1ficas. Su tesis no fue muy secundada. En los a\u00f1os ochenta, diversas antrop\u00f3logas constataron que en las pinturas rupestres las vulvas y las siluetas femeninas aparecen con mucha mayor frecuencia que los falos y las siluetas de hombre, lo que apunta a que estas gozaban de un estatus social m\u00e1s elevado del que se les hab\u00eda presupuesto hasta entonces, aludiendo a las<a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/Alex-Michaelides-Las-Doncellas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\u00a0<\/a><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/Alex-Michaelides-Las-Doncellas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">diosas<\/a><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/Alex-Michaelides-Las-Doncellas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">-madre<\/a><\/span> como divinidades a las que se encomendaban la fecundidad y la abundancia de las cosechas. Todas estas afirmaciones se toparon con una fuerte oposici\u00f3n por parte de sus hom\u00f3logos masculinos, ya que suger\u00edan una sociedad matrilineal, en la que los bienes y los conocimientos se transmit\u00edan de una generaci\u00f3n a otra a trav\u00e9s de la figura de la madre, y no del 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style=\\\"text-align: right;\\\">Durante la prehistoria, los cuerpos femeninos eran tradicionalmente santificados como s\u00edmbolos de fertilidad. Como la Venus de Willendorf, figura de caliza ool\u00edtica datada en el paleol\u00edtico superior. La escultura est\u00e1 expuesta en el Museo de Historia Natural de Viena (Austria). Cr\u00e9dito: Getty 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alg\u00fan indicio que apunte al matriarcado como posible (que no ubicua) forma de organizaci\u00f3n social?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:\u00a0<\/strong>No debemos confundir matrilineal con matriarcal, pues esto \u00faltimo significa, etimol\u00f3gicamente, que el poder lo detentan las mujeres, y no tenemos ning\u00fan indicio que lo sugiera. Pero s\u00ed hay razones para pensar que quiz\u00e1 exist\u00edan sociedades matrilineales: la mayor parte de las formas de organizaci\u00f3n social eran clanes peque\u00f1os, de entre treinta y\u00a0cincuenta individuos, en los que el propio instinto de perpetuaci\u00f3n de la especie invitaba a centrarse en la supervivencia de los hijos y en fomentar la adquisici\u00f3n de habilidades y su adaptaci\u00f3n al medio, tareas que, hasta cierto punto, la naturaleza hace recaer sobre las hembras en la especie humana. Entre el Neanderthal y la aparici\u00f3n del <em>Homo sapiens<\/em>, nuestros antepasados directos, transcurrieron 4.000 a\u00f1os, as\u00ed que no es descabellado pensar que entre todas esas sociedades algunas fueron matrilineales. Las aportaciones de estas antrop\u00f3logas abonaron el terreno para la aparici\u00f3n de la arqueolog\u00eda de g\u00e9nero en el siglo XXI, que trata de averiguar cu\u00e1l era el papel de las mujeres entonces y que sugiere que quiz\u00e1, en lugar de una divisi\u00f3n sexual del trabajo, las tareas que realizaba cada individuo depend\u00edan de sus habilidades particulares, no de su g\u00e9nero. Por otro lado, los resultados de la caza son aleatorios (no siempre se tiene \u00e9xito en ella), por lo que es probable que la recolecci\u00f3n desempe\u00f1ara un papel m\u00e1s importante del que se le ha atribuido habitualmente. Durante mucho tiempo ha imperado una divisi\u00f3n jer\u00e1rquica entre las actividades masculinas, m\u00e1s valoradas, y las femeninas, y es algo que la ciencia deber\u00eda replantearse.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Tal como afirma en su estudio, en arqueolog\u00eda es dif\u00edcil llegar a conclusiones irrefutables acerca del sentido, usos o contexto social prehist\u00f3ricos. Sin embargo, hay casos que presentan pocas dudas, como el de los esqueletos femeninos con heridas ligadas a la pr\u00e1ctica de la caza, armas (lanzas, cuchillos y jabalinas) y enseres para montar a caballo. \u00bfQu\u00e9 otras observaciones arqueol\u00f3gicas revelan a una mujer prehist\u00f3rica distinta al modelo transmitido por los primeros arque\u00f3logos?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:\u00a0<\/strong>Gracias al an\u00e1lisis de ADN hemos descubierto que muchos esqueletos que en su d\u00eda se atribuyeron a hombres son en realidad de amazonas cazadoras. En Ucrania se han hallado muchas tumbas de mujeres que tambi\u00e9n cazaban, y en Per\u00fa, esqueletos de mujeres de hace 9.000 a\u00f1os enterrados con sus armas de caza. Tambi\u00e9n se han encontrado huellas de manos de mujer al lado de pinturas rupestres, lo que lleva a deducir que probablemente son sus autoras. Cada vez disponemos de m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s datos que demuestran que estas sociedades eran mucho m\u00e1s complejas de lo que se imaginaba y apuntan a que las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres eran mucho m\u00e1s equilibradas.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"14\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"44\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"a8j2eme\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abEn las pinturas rupestres las siluetas femeninas aparecen con mucha mayor frecuencia que los falos y las siluetas de hombre, lo que apunta a que estas gozaban de un estatus social m\u00e1s elevado del que se les hab\u00eda presupuesto hasta entonces, aludiendo a las diosas-madre como divinidades a las que se encomendaban la fecundidad y la abundancia de las cosechas\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"0jvo6qn\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Pese a todos estos descubrimientos, la idea que el ciudadano de a pie tiene de la mujer prehist\u00f3rica se acerca m\u00e1s a las teor\u00edas sesgadas de los primeros arque\u00f3logos. En su opini\u00f3n, \u00bfa qu\u00e9 se debe?<\/strong><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:\u00a0<\/strong>Estos descubrimientos son relativamente recientes, como mucho de hace diez a\u00f1os. En las investigaciones cient\u00edficas hay que verificar las cosas una y otra vez y ser prudente, por eso muchos arque\u00f3logos han preferido comparar y esperar a tener pruebas irrefutables antes de anunciar los resultados de sus pesquisas. Los cient\u00edficos no debemos presentar las elucubraciones como hechos, y contrastar los datos lleva su tiempo. Era necesario seguir ese proceso desde que se hallan los indicios hasta que las tesis se confirman. De hecho, hasta hace muy poco la mayor parte de los arque\u00f3logos ni siquiera parec\u00eda darse cuenta de que <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/audur-ava-olafsdottir-la-escritora\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">apenas hab\u00eda estudios sobre las actividades de las mujeres prehist\u00f3ricas<\/a><\/span>, y ahora se est\u00e1 investigando mucho m\u00e1s sobre el tema. En la mayor parte de los casos, sin embargo, la duda es inherente a la ciencia arqueol\u00f3gica. A veces nos dicen: \u00abOye, prueba que las mujeres han hecho esto\u00bb, y debemos responder: \u00abPrueba t\u00fa que lo hac\u00edan los hombres\u00bb. En su momento, la mayor parte de las afirmaciones se dieron por ciertas sin que los autores de los estudios aportaran suficientes pruebas. Lo importante es poner las cuestiones sobre la mesa, porque solo aquello sobre lo que se investiga puede ser descubierto. Lo hemos hecho, y eso ya es un gran paso. Creo que estamos en una primera etapa que va a dar lugar a nuevos estudios e investigaciones, ya que disponemos de nuevos medios y t\u00e9cnicas que no exist\u00edan cuando se elaboraron la mayor parte de las conclusiones arqueol\u00f3gicas, y que sin duda arrojar\u00e1n luz sobre cuestiones a\u00fan dudosas.\u00a0<\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>LENGUA:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Desde su punto de vista, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 es necesario profundizar en la arqueolog\u00eda de g\u00e9nero?<\/strong><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>Maryl\u00e8ne Patou-Mathis:\u00a0<\/strong>No s\u00e9 si se la puede llamar as\u00ed, de hecho es un poco molesto. Lo que el gremio arqueol\u00f3gico debe hacer es deshacerse de dogmatismos y mirar las cosas con m\u00e1s <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/sally-rooney-donde-estas-mundo-bello-gente-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">perspectiva<\/a><\/span>. El eurocentrismo es tambi\u00e9n un sesgo a desterrar.\u00a0<\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong><br \/><br \/><br \/>OTROS CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\\\"list-style-type: circle;\\\"><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/rosa-beltran-radicales-libres\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Rosa Beltr\u00e1n: las distintas maneras de vivir como mujer (en un pa\u00eds donde matan a once por d\u00eda)<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/cine-y-series\/adaptaciones-jane-austen\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">La verdad universalmente conocida de Jane Austen<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/Alejandra-Pizarnik-Cristina-Pina-Patricia-Venti-Luna-Miguel\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\u00abEl castellano no es lo mismo despu\u00e9s de la escritura de Pizarnik\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"14\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"44\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"tnbx2gn\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"full_width\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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15 minutos

Marylène Patou-Mathis, en una imagen de archivo. Crédito: Olivier Marty.

«El mundo (prehistórico) es del color del cristal con que se mira» podría ser un título alternativo para El hombre prehistórico es también una mujer, el recién publicado ensayo de Marylène Patou-Mathis (París, 1955). Tras hacer acopio de los escritos de más de un centenar de arqueólogos (y arqueólogas) durante más de una década y contrastar los resultados de sus propias investigaciones, la reputada prehistoriadora francesa ha llegado a una conclusión que no por (tristemente) previsible resulta menos escandalosa: al contrario de lo que la doctrina dominante (y hasta hace poco eminentemente masculina) ha inculcado en escuelas y universidades a niños y adultos de todo el mundo, la mujer del Paleolítico no era un ente pasivo que se limitaba a amamantar a sus hijos refugiada en su cueva, sino que existen pruebas concluyentes de que muchas de ellas cazaban, montaban a caballo y realizaban pinturas rupestres, actividades que ningún antropólogo dudó en atribuir exclusivamente al sexo masculino hasta bien entrados los años ochenta.

A lo largo de un análisis tan exhaustivo como ameno, Patou-Mathis desgrana no solo las (cuestionables) conclusiones relativas a los roles del hombre y la mujer prehistóricos y la cacareada división del trabajo que el grueso de su profesión presentó como certezas irrefutables hasta hace tres décadas, sino también el largo camino que el androcentrismo y la misoginia han recorrido desde la Antigüedad clásica y su profundo anclaje en la filosofía, la religión, la literatura, la sociedad y, desgraciadamente, también la medicina y la investigación científica. De los grandes filósofos griegos y los libros sagrados a Tomás de Aquino, Balzac o Charles Darwin, la prehistoriadora hace un encomiable despliegue de las citas y aseveraciones que presentaban a la mujer como un ser inferior física e intelectualmente, incidiendo en cómo los usos y costumbres del contexto social en el que se produjeron las investigaciones arqueológicas determinaron indefectiblemente sus conclusiones. Frente a los sesgos que marcaron dichos estudios, Patou-Mathis aboga por la prudencia y la duda como base de la investigación científica, detallando además pruebas contundentes que dibujan una mujer prehistórica muy distinta a la que tenemos en la cabeza. «Solo sé que no sé nada»… hasta que el método y la evidencia demuestren lo contrario. 

LENGUA: ¿Por qué se decidió a escribir este libro?

Marylène Patou-Mathis: A lo largo de mis investigaciones constaté que cuando se hablaba del «hombre prehistórico» no se utilizaba el término «hombre» en un sentido genérico, como sinónimo de «especie humana», sino que detrás había una carga exclusivamente masculina. Los escritos de los antropólogos hablaban sobre todo de actividades que suponían masculinas, como la caza, la talla de las armas y herramientas o las pinturas rupestres. Jamás se hablaba de las mujeres, salvo para decir que se ocupaban de la crianza de los hijos. Así que me dije que sería interesante contrastar cuánto había de verdad en ello, si en efecto eran los hombres los únicos que realizaban esas actividades que los arqueólogos les atribuían únicamente a ellos. También quería entender por qué nunca hablaban de los hábitos y particularidades de las mujeres prehistóricas.

LENGUA: ¿Cuáles han sido las principales reacciones hasta ahora?

Marylène Patou-Mathis: La del público y los lectores ha sido muy buena. Cuando doy conferencias sobre el tema, los asistentes entienden perfectamente que no es acertado asumir sin más que las mujeres no participaron en el arte prehistórico y otras actividades. No hay pruebas arqueológicas que indiquen que las mujeres se limitaban a recolectar y a cuidar a los hijos. Hoy, la mayoría de los arqueólogos coinciden en que no hay razones de peso para descartar la posibilidad de que las mujeres participaran en el arte paleolítico, aunque algunos son más reacios a aceptar que cazaran y muchos siguen obviando la división sexual del trabajo, con el hombre dedicado a la caza y la mujer a las tareas del hogar. Las tribus indígenas de hoy en día (por ejemplo, los aborígenes australianos) tienen 10.000 años de historia a sus espaldas, igual que el resto de la sociedad, así que lo que observemos en ellas no tiene por qué corresponderse con lo que sucedía en la prehistoria. Ahora esas asunciones (también, por ejemplo, que fue un hombre y no una mujer quien descubrió el fuego) empiezan a cuestionarse y el gremio apoya la idea de que es necesario investigar más para encontrar pruebas contundentes sobre quién hacía qué. 

«Jamás se hablaba de las mujeres, salvo para decir que se ocupaban de la crianza de los hijos. Así que me dije que sería interesante contrastar cuánto había de verdad en ello, si en efecto eran los hombres los únicos que realizaban esas actividades que los arqueólogos les atribuían únicamente a ellos».

LENGUA: Tal como describe en su libro, las conclusiones de los descubrimientos arqueológicos, la mayor parte elaboradas por hombres científicos en el siglo XIX, estaban sesgadas por su propio contexto sociocultural y sus ideas preconcebidas de los roles de hombre y mujer; por ejemplo, cuando encontraban un esqueleto humano enterrado junto a armas deducían que se trataba de un hombre, y si lo que había eran joyas, que era una mujer. ¿Hasta qué punto ha repercutido esa mirada masculina el grado de acierto en sus investigaciones? 

Marylène Patou-Mathis: Hasta los años cincuenta del siglo pasado, los únicos expertos en estudios prehistóricos eran hombres occidentales con la mirada anclada en la sociedad en la que vivían, lastrados por los prejuicios y el automatismo. Ahora existen muchos expertos en la materia en otros países, pero hasta finales del siglo XIX los científicos dedicados a la prehistoria estaban imbricados en un sistema patriarcal que condicionaba sus conclusiones. Sin que existieran certezas sobre ello, atribuyeron ciertos fósiles a cuerpos de hombres porque eran robustos o porque yacían junto a armas. Las innovaciones técnicas, como la talla de herramientas, también se atribuían a hombres, probablemente porque durante la época de la investigación casi todas las profesiones técnicas estaban vetadas a las mujeres. Para estos antropólogos, en la prehistoria tenía que suceder lo mismo. Lejos de dudar (la base de todo estudio científico), extrapolaron su propia estructura social a la de los humanos de la prehistoria: para ellos lo lógico era que la mujer se quedase en el hogar con los niños y que todas las actividades creadoras, todas las innovaciones, hubiesen surgido de los hombres. Hoy en día existen métodos nuevos, especialmente el análisis de ADN, que permiten determinar sin lugar a dudas su género, y muchos de los cuerpos atribuidos a hombres eran en realidad mujeres: en el Paleolítico eran muy fuertes, probablemente por sus largas andaduras para recolectar vegetales con sus hijos a cuestas.

«Hasta finales del siglo XIX los científicos estaban imbricados en un sistema patriarcal que condicionaba sus conclusiones. Atribuyeron ciertos fósiles a cuerpos de hombres porque eran robustos o porque yacían junto a armas. Las innovaciones técnicas se atribuían a hombres porque durante la época de la investigación casi todas las profesiones técnicas estaban vetadas a las mujeres».

LENGUA: El segundo capítulo de su ensayo describe los prejuicios que tanto la mitología de la Antigüedad clásica como los libros sagrados y los escritos de antropólogos, historiadores, arqueólogos y filósofos tan celebrados como Sófocles, Platón o Aristóteles han atribuido a las mujeres: hasta el Siglo de las Luces había unanimidad al considerar a la mujer como un ser inferior, física y psicológicamente débil, sin inteligencia, gobernada por sus «humores» y por su género, ladina, peligrosa y únicamente útil para la reproducción y el cuidado de niños y enfermos. Desde el punto de vista científico, ¿cree que ese pez sigue dando coletazos hoy en día? 

Marylène Patou-Mathis: Hay que situarse en su contexto. Hasta principios del siglo XX, la influencia de la religión es muy poderosa. Por mucho que los prehistoriadores fuesen por lo general ateos, también se habían impregnado de un prejuicio religioso que calaba en toda la sociedad: que la mujer era inferior al hombre. Incluso en las universidades, los médicos y antropólogos se adherían también a esta creencia, recurriendo a argumentos y datos supuestamente científicos para defender que había razas inferiores y que el género femenino también lo era: menos robusta, con el cerebro más pequeño, histéricas, sin capacidad para inventar, tener vida social ni detentar poder… Al volver su mirada a los humanos prehistóricos, calcaron todos esos prejuicios. Para ellos, todo progreso se debía a los hombres. Por descontado, hoy en día ya no miramos el mundo con esos ojos y aceptamos que muchas profesiones que antes solo ejercían los hombres también pueden ejercerlas las mujeres. Todo ello nos lleva a detectar la necesidad de dejar de asumir como certezas las teorías de muchos prehistoriadores pretéritos, desterrar sus prejuicios e investigar más a fondo para conocer la realidad de esa época. Por supuesto, aún hoy en día muchos hombres piensan que las mujeres son inferiores [Suelta una carcajada], pero los interrogantes están ahí y los investigadores, que también tenemos los condicionantes de la sociedad de hoy, no debemos dejar que nos afecten. Ya en la prehistoria existían muchas sociedades diferentes y probablemente cada una tenía su propia visión del mundo. Sería un error tremendo asumir que las sociedades prehistóricas tenían la misma estructura que la nuestra. 

LENGUA: ¿Cuándo surgieron las primeras voces críticas con los roles que la arqueología venía atribuyendo al género masculino y al femenino?

Marylène Patou-Mathis: En los años setenta del siglo pasado las antropólogas americanas comenzaron a deconstruir el modelo del hombre cazador como base de la sociedad prehistórica y propusieron el de la mujer recolectora, que aún hoy impera en muchas zonas geográficas. Su tesis no fue muy secundada. En los años ochenta, diversas antropólogas constataron que en las pinturas rupestres las vulvas y las siluetas femeninas aparecen con mucha mayor frecuencia que los falos y las siluetas de hombre, lo que apunta a que estas gozaban de un estatus social más elevado del que se les había presupuesto hasta entonces, aludiendo a las diosas-madre como divinidades a las que se encomendaban la fecundidad y la abundancia de las cosechas. Todas estas afirmaciones se toparon con una fuerte oposición por parte de sus homólogos masculinos, ya que sugerían una sociedad matrilineal, en la que los bienes y los conocimientos se transmitían de una generación a otra a través de la figura de la madre, y no del padre.

Durante la prehistoria, los cuerpos femeninos eran tradicionalmente santificados como símbolos de fertilidad. Como la Venus de Willendorf, figura de caliza oolítica datada en el paleolítico superior. La escultura está expuesta en el Museo de Historia Natural de Viena (Austria). Crédito: Getty Images.

LENGUA: ¿Existe algún indicio que apunte al matriarcado como posible (que no ubicua) forma de organización social?

Marylène Patou-Mathis: No debemos confundir matrilineal con matriarcal, pues esto último significa, etimológicamente, que el poder lo detentan las mujeres, y no tenemos ningún indicio que lo sugiera. Pero sí hay razones para pensar que quizá existían sociedades matrilineales: la mayor parte de las formas de organización social eran clanes pequeños, de entre treinta y cincuenta individuos, en los que el propio instinto de perpetuación de la especie invitaba a centrarse en la supervivencia de los hijos y en fomentar la adquisición de habilidades y su adaptación al medio, tareas que, hasta cierto punto, la naturaleza hace recaer sobre las hembras en la especie humana. Entre el Neanderthal y la aparición del Homo sapiens, nuestros antepasados directos, transcurrieron 4.000 años, así que no es descabellado pensar que entre todas esas sociedades algunas fueron matrilineales. Las aportaciones de estas antropólogas abonaron el terreno para la aparición de la arqueología de género en el siglo XXI, que trata de averiguar cuál era el papel de las mujeres entonces y que sugiere que quizá, en lugar de una división sexual del trabajo, las tareas que realizaba cada individuo dependían de sus habilidades particulares, no de su género. Por otro lado, los resultados de la caza son aleatorios (no siempre se tiene éxito en ella), por lo que es probable que la recolección desempeñara un papel más importante del que se le ha atribuido habitualmente. Durante mucho tiempo ha imperado una división jerárquica entre las actividades masculinas, más valoradas, y las femeninas, y es algo que la ciencia debería replantearse. 

LENGUA: Tal como afirma en su estudio, en arqueología es difícil llegar a conclusiones irrefutables acerca del sentido, usos o contexto social prehistóricos. Sin embargo, hay casos que presentan pocas dudas, como el de los esqueletos femeninos con heridas ligadas a la práctica de la caza, armas (lanzas, cuchillos y jabalinas) y enseres para montar a caballo. ¿Qué otras observaciones arqueológicas revelan a una mujer prehistórica distinta al modelo transmitido por los primeros arqueólogos?

Marylène Patou-Mathis: Gracias al análisis de ADN hemos descubierto que muchos esqueletos que en su día se atribuyeron a hombres son en realidad de amazonas cazadoras. En Ucrania se han hallado muchas tumbas de mujeres que también cazaban, y en Perú, esqueletos de mujeres de hace 9.000 años enterrados con sus armas de caza. También se han encontrado huellas de manos de mujer al lado de pinturas rupestres, lo que lleva a deducir que probablemente son sus autoras. Cada vez disponemos de más y más datos que demuestran que estas sociedades eran mucho más complejas de lo que se imaginaba y apuntan a que las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres eran mucho más equilibradas.  

«En las pinturas rupestres las siluetas femeninas aparecen con mucha mayor frecuencia que los falos y las siluetas de hombre, lo que apunta a que estas gozaban de un estatus social más elevado del que se les había presupuesto hasta entonces, aludiendo a las diosas-madre como divinidades a las que se encomendaban la fecundidad y la abundancia de las cosechas».

LENGUA: Pese a todos estos descubrimientos, la idea que el ciudadano de a pie tiene de la mujer prehistórica se acerca más a las teorías sesgadas de los primeros arqueólogos. En su opinión, ¿a qué se debe?

Marylène Patou-Mathis: Estos descubrimientos son relativamente recientes, como mucho de hace diez años. En las investigaciones científicas hay que verificar las cosas una y otra vez y ser prudente, por eso muchos arqueólogos han preferido comparar y esperar a tener pruebas irrefutables antes de anunciar los resultados de sus pesquisas. Los científicos no debemos presentar las elucubraciones como hechos, y contrastar los datos lleva su tiempo. Era necesario seguir ese proceso desde que se hallan los indicios hasta que las tesis se confirman. De hecho, hasta hace muy poco la mayor parte de los arqueólogos ni siquiera parecía darse cuenta de que apenas había estudios sobre las actividades de las mujeres prehistóricas, y ahora se está investigando mucho más sobre el tema. En la mayor parte de los casos, sin embargo, la duda es inherente a la ciencia arqueológica. A veces nos dicen: «Oye, prueba que las mujeres han hecho esto», y debemos responder: «Prueba tú que lo hacían los hombres». En su momento, la mayor parte de las afirmaciones se dieron por ciertas sin que los autores de los estudios aportaran suficientes pruebas. Lo importante es poner las cuestiones sobre la mesa, porque solo aquello sobre lo que se investiga puede ser descubierto. Lo hemos hecho, y eso ya es un gran paso. Creo que estamos en una primera etapa que va a dar lugar a nuevos estudios e investigaciones, ya que disponemos de nuevos medios y técnicas que no existían cuando se elaboraron la mayor parte de las conclusiones arqueológicas, y que sin duda arrojarán luz sobre cuestiones aún dudosas. 

LENGUA: Desde su punto de vista, ¿por qué es necesario profundizar en la arqueología de género?

Marylène Patou-Mathis: No sé si se la puede llamar así, de hecho es un poco molesto. Lo que el gremio arqueológico debe hacer es deshacerse de dogmatismos y mirar las cosas con más perspectiva. El eurocentrismo es también un sesgo a desterrar. 




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