Literatura

El eterno femenino en el género policial mexicano

En la literatura policial —y en las que surgieron de ella— han irrumpido autoras y personajes femeninos que —con sus representaciones y transgresiones— van cumpliendo una fascinante paradoja: entre más se van adentrando en un género tradicionalmente masculino, más distancia van tomando de él.

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literatura transmuta con el paso del tiempo, eso es l\u00f3gico e inevitable, porque est\u00e1 viva y como cualquier ser vivo precisa de alimento, se adapta, y aprende a regenerarse cuando es herido o cuando padece de alg\u00fan mal. S\u00ed, la literatura no se queda quieta, y adem\u00e1s es rebelde. Y quiz\u00e1s esa descarada \u2014y por descarada, fascinante\u2014 cualidad destaca con mayor esplendor en\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/elmer-mendoza-monica-maristain\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">la novela policial que en M\u00e9xico<\/a><\/span> tiene su origen en la d\u00e9cada de los cuarenta.<\/p><p>Algunos autores se\u00f1alan a la revista <em>Selecciones policiacas y de misterio,<\/em> fundada por Antonio Hel\u00fa en 1946, como el punto de partida que desemboc\u00f3 en la proliferaci\u00f3n de obras de corte cl\u00e1sico; es decir: a cada enigma le correspond\u00eda una resoluci\u00f3n. Siguiendo ese modelo, la pionera Mar\u00eda Elvira Berm\u00fadez irrumpi\u00f3 con <em>Diferentes razones tiene la muerte<\/em> (1953) que ambientaba su historia en una quinta de Coyoac\u00e1n, y tras ella Rosa Margot Ochoa con <em>Corrientes Secretas<\/em> (1978) y Mal\u00fa Huacuja del Toro con su <em>Crimen sin faltas de ortograf\u00eda<\/em> (1986), a quienes no se puede \u2014ni debe\u2014 dejar de mencionar cuando uno escribe de novela policial escrita por mujeres en nuestro pa\u00eds.<\/p><p>Los personajes acu\u00f1ados por autores y autoras empezaron a transformarse, sobre todo el del detective que habitualmente ten\u00eda peculiaridades casi sobrehumanas que de poco le val\u00edan en un contexto como el mexicano. Gustavo Forero (2012: 87) dice que \u00abel triunfo de la ley es muy poco realista (\u2026) El detective representa la ley, y por lo tanto si \u00e9l sabe la verdad, autom\u00e1ticamente la ley se impone. \u00bfPodr\u00eda esto ser cre\u00edble en nuestras sociedades? Puede incluso que s\u00ed, aunque muy de vez en cuando\u00bb.<\/p><p>Sin embargo, a pesar de las transformaciones y mutaciones del propio g\u00e9nero y del surgimiento de otros que compart\u00edan la misma ra\u00edz, los roles femeninos parec\u00edan no sufrir cambios sustanciales, como en la novela negra, nacida en el desencanto y la decepci\u00f3n. No es casualidad que E<em>l Complot Mongol<\/em> (1969) de Rafael Bernal, conocida como la primera novela del g\u00e9nero en nuestro pa\u00eds, se publicara un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s de la matanza de Tlatelolco (\u00bfo ser\u00e1 que s\u00ed?) y que nuevas oleadas de\u00a0<a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/el-fixer-narco-miguel-angel-vega\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">narcoliteratura y neopolicial<\/span>,<\/a> hermanos de la novela negra, estuvieran siempre conectadas a los conflictos y movimientos sociales de M\u00e9xico y a las heridas que se iban abriendo a punta de corrupci\u00f3n y pistola. Porque el gran criminal es el Estado, sus complicidades y sus omisiones. Los autores lo repitieron una y otra vez: es, fue y ser\u00e1 el Estado.<\/p><p>Y bajo aquella premisa le\u00edmos fant\u00e1sticas obras: de\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/7219-elmer-mendoza\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Elmer Mendoza<\/a> <\/span>\u00a0a\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/175640-enrique-serna\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Enrique Serna<\/a><\/span> y Carlos Ren\u00e9 Padilla, el ampl\u00edsimo universo del crimen se fue haciendo m\u00e1s y m\u00e1s extenso. Sin embargo, en ese inmenso espacio, se hallaba el recoveco al que pocos hab\u00edan volteado a ver: el espacio de lo femenino, de la transgresi\u00f3n y la quiz\u00e1s lenta, pero constante lucha por la reivindicaci\u00f3n de autoras y personajes que van cumpliendo, con sus historias, una bella paradoja: entre m\u00e1s se sumergen en un g\u00e9nero literario surgido en la masculinidad, m\u00e1s distancia van tomando de 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decepci\u00f3n.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"6ecm90s\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>Porque los personajes femeninos, de manera tradicional, se segu\u00edan moviendo en los lugares comunes: la bailarina ex\u00f3tica que el polic\u00eda necesitaba para saciarse, la v\u00edctima de asesinato, la asistente del protagonista, la hija de un capo, la mujer hermosa y seductora que le daba la manzana a Ad\u00e1n\u2026 y todos volte\u00e1bamos a ver a Ad\u00e1n.<\/p><p>Seguramente por eso, cuando termin\u00e9 de leer <em>La muerte me da<\/em> de\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/109148-cristina-rivera-garza\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Cristina Rivera Garza<\/a><\/span> (2008) me quedaron en el paladar los restos de un sabor que apenas iba conociendo. En la trama, una mujer descubre, mientras va corriendo, el cad\u00e1ver castrado de un hombre. Hay una detective, hay una periodista de nota roja, una informante, un asesino (\u00bfo asesina?) serial y la poes\u00eda plasmada en los <em>Diarios<\/em> de la gran\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/despedidas\/la-muerte-de-pizarnik\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Alejandra Pizarnik<\/a><\/span> (2014), de donde se extrae el t\u00edtulo de la obra: \u00abEs verdad, la muerte me da en pleno sexo\u00bb. Con todos estos elementos lo que la autora logra es poner al lector en una postura inc\u00f3moda y, por lo tanto, ideal para generar reflexiones fundamentales sobre las representaciones simb\u00f3licas de lo masculino y lo femenino.<\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/tematicas\/314785-ebook-perra-brava-9786073196109\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Orfa Alarc\u00f3n, en <em>Perra brava<\/em><\/a><\/span><em>,<\/em> publicada en 2011, nos muestra a trav\u00e9s de los ojos de Fernanda, la protagonista, un norte de M\u00e9xico en donde la decadencia, el narcotr\u00e1fico y la violencia conducen a las mujeres al sometimiento que no siempre provoca resistencia, necesaria frente a los poderes de facto que asumen los hombres dentro de las estructuras de poder.<\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/tematicas\/44873-ebook-a-lupita-le-gustaba-planchar-9786073181792\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><em>A Lupita le gustaba planchar<\/em> de Laura Esquivel<\/a><\/span> (2014) llam\u00f3 mi atenci\u00f3n porque atraves\u00f3 el g\u00e9nero con su anti hero\u00edna, una polic\u00eda poco agraciada y alcoh\u00f3lica que fue v\u00edctima de abuso sexual cuando era una ni\u00f1a. Con humor \u00e1cido y profundo, la autora nos sumerge en la decadencia de una mujer que, llevada por las circunstancias, se adentra en el mundo de la justicia, o de lo que cree que lo es.\u00a0<\/p><p>Despu\u00e9s lleg\u00f3 a mi librero Liliana Blum con su <em>Cara de Liebre<\/em> (2021). Irlanda es una mujer hermosa que se dedica a cazar hombres para asesinarlos y practicar la necrofilia. La historia, de f\u00e1cil lectura, pero de dif\u00edcil digesti\u00f3n, nos adentra en la vida de la protagonista y sus vac\u00edos. Un labio leporino es la causa del acoso del que fue v\u00edctima desde ni\u00f1a; hay abandono, hay rechazo, hay ausencia, hay inseguridad. Por eso Irlanda prefiere la noche y por eso aniquila, porque los muertos no abandonan. 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este punto, es importante destacar que lo que ocurre en los a\u00f1os recientes pone en manifiesto una transformaci\u00f3n mucho m\u00e1s sustancial que la de tiempo atr\u00e1s, cuando era m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil advertir la imitaci\u00f3n de los estereotipos maniatados; recuerdo la vez que le pregunt\u00e9 a <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/pierre-lemaitre-diccionario-apasionado-de-la-novela-negra\\\">u<\/a><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/pierre-lemaitre-diccionario-apasionado-de-la-novela-negra\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">na autora de novela negra<\/a><\/span> que por qu\u00e9 sus criminales siempre eran hombres y ella me respondi\u00f3 con profunda honestidad que jam\u00e1s se hab\u00eda planteado que pudieran ser mujeres.<\/p><p>Que no se mal entienda esta reflexi\u00f3n. No se trata de validar un tipo de novela por encima de otra, sino de analizar la conexi\u00f3n entre el g\u00e9nero y la incipiente necesidad de las autoras por continuar el camino trazado por <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/175612-rosario-castellanos\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Rosario Castellanos<\/a><\/span>, In\u00e9s Arredondo, Mar\u00eda Elvira Berm\u00fadez, creadora de la primera detective mujer en la <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/escritoras-latinoamericanas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">literatura Latinoamericana<\/a><\/span>, entre otras. Por ellas los roles femeninos se fueron tornando cada vez m\u00e1s complejos; llama la atenci\u00f3n el de las criminales. Tomemos como punto de partida lo que dec\u00eda Alejo Carpentier en los a\u00f1os ochenta: \u00abEl delincuente, el bandido genial, puede resultar mucho m\u00e1s lleno de inter\u00e9s que el sabueso que le muerde incansablemente los talones. No debe olvidarse que el criminal tiene una superioridad filos\u00f3fica sobre el detective. El criminal aparece como elemento creador (\u2026) su acto altera un equilibrio preestablecido, colocando a sus semejantes ante un hecho originado por su voluntad. Este acto de afirmaci\u00f3n equivale a la creaci\u00f3n de un problema (\u2026) El detective encuentra un problema perfectamente planteado, que excluye toda creaci\u00f3n de su parte, y del que solo puede explicarnos el mecanismo, si acierta en su tarea investigadora. El detective es al delincuente lo que el cr\u00edtico de arte es al artista; el delincuente inventa, el detective explica (Carpentier, 1982: 187)\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"m9dxboa\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>No se trata de validar un tipo de novela por encima de otra, sino de analizar la conexi\u00f3n entre el g\u00e9nero y la incipiente necesidad de las autoras por continuar el camino trazado por Rosario Castellanos, In\u00e9s Arredondo, Mar\u00eda Elvira Berm\u00fadez, creadora de la primera detective mujer en la literatura Latinoamericana, entre otras.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"8kscup3\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>Ciertamente hay criminales que generan simpat\u00eda, porque desde su marginalidad, su figura es representada como el resultado de la injusticia y una serie de circunstancias que, yuxtapuestas en la periferia, trazan una frontera que bordea a las \u00e9lites con alambre y p\u00faas. El criminal rompe ese alambrado e irrumpe en el sistema. La criminal irrumpe en dos sistemas, porque, si bien la mujer no est\u00e1 excluida en <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/20-novela-negra-misterio-y-thriller\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">la narrativa de la novela negra<\/a><\/span>, s\u00ed estuvo relegada dentro de ella.<\/p><p>Esta criminal de papel tiene, como seguramente ya lo habr\u00e1 adivinado, a una c\u00f3mplice: la autora. La mujer que antes escrib\u00eda de lo \u00fanico que conoc\u00eda <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/musica\/lidia-garcia-carla-berrocal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\u2014estereotipo conectado a lo dom\u00e9stico\u2014<\/a><\/span>, ahora se aventura a reclamar un espacio ocupado por el hombre desde el origen del g\u00e9nero policial. Su uso de la fuerza, definida com\u00fanmente en t\u00e9rminos f\u00edsicos y por tanto masculinos, enaltece unas capacidades heroicas que han sido concedidas al hombre por excelencia. Esta transfiguraci\u00f3n de cualidades ha impactado en los roles \u00abtradicionales\u00bb de los personajes masculinos y femeninos que, desde lo social, trazan las relaciones de poder.<\/p><p>El sometimiento y la violencia contra la mujer tienen <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/rosa-beltran-radicales-libres\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">s<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">u grado m\u00e1s cruento en el feminicidio<\/span><\/a>. Aqu\u00ed se encuentra una revancha imaginaria que concede un nivel de poder al personaje por encima de la estructura patriarcal. \u00bfO ser\u00e1 que la criminal es utilizada por el sistema patriarcal para seguir sosteniendo sus estructuras del poder?<\/p><p>Parece que no, que el personaje femenino s\u00ed est\u00e1 cambiando: la criminal asume el poder y el crimen (de papel) se justifica por la impunidad, la corrupci\u00f3n y el olvido. La criminal \u00abajusticia\u00bb en nombre de la ley. Ojo por ojo, diente por diente. La lucha de la criminal, y en medida, de la detective, es tambi\u00e9n contra el sistema patriarcal entendido como el \u00absistema de dominaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9rico en el cual las mujeres permanecen gen\u00e9ricamente bajo la autoridad a su vez gen\u00e9rica de los varones (Valc\u00e1rcel, 1990: 61)\u00bb. Es por eso que el crimen de papel exhibe las complejas relaciones que se entrecruzan entre lo legal, lo ilegal y los trasfondos pol\u00edticos que rigen los Estados representados en las obras literarias.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"3bdq8t2\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>La mujer que antes escrib\u00eda de lo \u00fanico que conoc\u00eda \u2014estereotipo conectado a lo dom\u00e9stico\u2014, ahora se aventura a reclamar un espacio ocupado por el hombre desde el origen del g\u00e9nero policial.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"2ggyd66\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>El crimen se presenta como un elemento unificador de todos los sucesos que contienen en s\u00ed mismos una verdad que no se puede observar a simple vista: una polic\u00eda no incursiona en la resoluci\u00f3n de un enigma sin haber sido v\u00edctima de varios delitos, una asesina serial no mata por placer, una detective no irrumpe en las estructuras patriarcales por mero amor a su oficio, una mujer que tortura a sus v\u00edctimas antes de asesinarlas quiere plasmar un mensaje en el cuerpo desmembrado. Aqu\u00ed hay un juego de poder.\u00a0<\/p><p>Puede ser que el personaje femenino no vaya en busca de la redenci\u00f3n porque no es su finalidad dar c\u00e1tedras moralistas. M\u00e1s bien, sea la de generar revueltas y reflexiones que alimentan su propia evoluci\u00f3n en un momento hist\u00f3rico en el que se reclama, no solo la mayor visibilizaci\u00f3n de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/margaret-atwood-soy-una-mala-feminista\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">las causas feministas<\/a><\/span>, sino la b\u00fasqueda constante de espacios, aunque estos sean ficticios, en los que por fin se haga justicia.<br \/><br \/><br \/><\/p><p>Bibliograf\u00eda destacada:<\/p><p>Carpentier, A. (1982). <em>Por la novela polic\u00edaca.<\/em> La Habana: Editorial Arte y Literatura. <br \/>Forero, G. (2012). <em>Trece formas de entender la novela negra.<\/em> Bogot\u00e1: Planeta. <br \/>Valc\u00e1rcel, A. (1990). <em>El primer ensayo feminista de una teor\u00eda del poder.<\/em> Painorama, 9, 59-64.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"40\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"utrxris\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/elmer-mendoza-monica-maristain\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\u00c9lmer Mendoza: \u00abLa novela negra no es una novela de delito, es una novela de profundo raigambre social\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/guillermo-arriaga-extranas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Guillermo Arriaga o c\u00f3mo narrar la crueldad<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/cristina-rivera-garza-nayeli-garcia-sanchez-la-castaneda\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Cristina Rivera Garza vuelve a \u00abLa Casta\u00f1eda\u00bb: po\u00e9tica documental en medio del caos<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/jorge-comensal-por-nona-fernandez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Jorge Comensal por Nona Fern\u00e1ndez: el escarabajo astr\u00f3nomo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/emiliano-monge-por-alejandro-vazquez-ortiz-justo-antes-del-final\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Emiliano Monge por Alejandro V\u00e1zquez Ortiz: \u00abJusto antes del final\u00bb o c\u00f3mo leer susurrando<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/jose-agustin-por-julian-herbert-el-rock-de-la-carcel\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Jos\u00e9 Agust\u00edn por Juli\u00e1n Herbert: un doble filo que vuelve a cortarnos la cabeza<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/Cristina-Rivera-Garza-Selva-Almada-Liliana-Rivera-Garza\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Cristina Rivera Garza por Selva Almada: Liliana a nuestro lado<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/quien-ha-leido-a-elena-garro\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">\u00bfQui\u00e9n ha le\u00eddo a Elena 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15 minutos
Bang, bang, you're dead! Crédito: Getty Images.

Bang, bang! You're dead! Crédito: Getty Images.

La literatura transmuta con el paso del tiempo, eso es lógico e inevitable, porque está viva y como cualquier ser vivo precisa de alimento, se adapta, y aprende a regenerarse cuando es herido o cuando padece de algún mal. Sí, la literatura no se queda quieta, y además es rebelde. Y quizás esa descarada —y por descarada, fascinante— cualidad destaca con mayor esplendor en la novela policial que en México tiene su origen en la década de los cuarenta.

Algunos autores señalan a la revista Selecciones policiacas y de misterio, fundada por Antonio Helú en 1946, como el punto de partida que desembocó en la proliferación de obras de corte clásico; es decir: a cada enigma le correspondía una resolución. Siguiendo ese modelo, la pionera María Elvira Bermúdez irrumpió con Diferentes razones tiene la muerte (1953) que ambientaba su historia en una quinta de Coyoacán, y tras ella Rosa Margot Ochoa con Corrientes Secretas (1978) y Malú Huacuja del Toro con su Crimen sin faltas de ortografía (1986), a quienes no se puede —ni debe— dejar de mencionar cuando uno escribe de novela policial escrita por mujeres en nuestro país.

Los personajes acuñados por autores y autoras empezaron a transformarse, sobre todo el del detective que habitualmente tenía peculiaridades casi sobrehumanas que de poco le valían en un contexto como el mexicano. Gustavo Forero (2012: 87) dice que «el triunfo de la ley es muy poco realista (…) El detective representa la ley, y por lo tanto si él sabe la verdad, automáticamente la ley se impone. ¿Podría esto ser creíble en nuestras sociedades? Puede incluso que sí, aunque muy de vez en cuando».

Sin embargo, a pesar de las transformaciones y mutaciones del propio género y del surgimiento de otros que compartían la misma raíz, los roles femeninos parecían no sufrir cambios sustanciales, como en la novela negra, nacida en el desencanto y la decepción. No es casualidad que El Complot Mongol (1969) de Rafael Bernal, conocida como la primera novela del género en nuestro país, se publicara un año después de la matanza de Tlatelolco (¿o será que sí?) y que nuevas oleadas de narcoliteratura y neopolicial, hermanos de la novela negra, estuvieran siempre conectadas a los conflictos y movimientos sociales de México y a las heridas que se iban abriendo a punta de corrupción y pistola. Porque el gran criminal es el Estado, sus complicidades y sus omisiones. Los autores lo repitieron una y otra vez: es, fue y será el Estado.

Y bajo aquella premisa leímos fantásticas obras: de Elmer Mendoza  a Enrique Serna y Carlos René Padilla, el amplísimo universo del crimen se fue haciendo más y más extenso. Sin embargo, en ese inmenso espacio, se hallaba el recoveco al que pocos habían volteado a ver: el espacio de lo femenino, de la transgresión y la quizás lenta, pero constante lucha por la reivindicación de autoras y personajes que van cumpliendo, con sus historias, una bella paradoja: entre más se sumergen en un género literario surgido en la masculinidad, más distancia van tomando de él.

A pesar de las transformaciones y mutaciones del propio género y del surgimiento de otros que compartían la misma raíz, los roles femeninos parecían no sufrir cambios sustanciales, como en la novela negra, nacida en el desencanto y la decepción.

Porque los personajes femeninos, de manera tradicional, se seguían moviendo en los lugares comunes: la bailarina exótica que el policía necesitaba para saciarse, la víctima de asesinato, la asistente del protagonista, la hija de un capo, la mujer hermosa y seductora que le daba la manzana a Adán… y todos volteábamos a ver a Adán.

Seguramente por eso, cuando terminé de leer La muerte me da de Cristina Rivera Garza (2008) me quedaron en el paladar los restos de un sabor que apenas iba conociendo. En la trama, una mujer descubre, mientras va corriendo, el cadáver castrado de un hombre. Hay una detective, hay una periodista de nota roja, una informante, un asesino (¿o asesina?) serial y la poesía plasmada en los Diarios de la gran Alejandra Pizarnik (2014), de donde se extrae el título de la obra: «Es verdad, la muerte me da en pleno sexo». Con todos estos elementos lo que la autora logra es poner al lector en una postura incómoda y, por lo tanto, ideal para generar reflexiones fundamentales sobre las representaciones simbólicas de lo masculino y lo femenino.

Orfa Alarcón, en Perra brava, publicada en 2011, nos muestra a través de los ojos de Fernanda, la protagonista, un norte de México en donde la decadencia, el narcotráfico y la violencia conducen a las mujeres al sometimiento que no siempre provoca resistencia, necesaria frente a los poderes de facto que asumen los hombres dentro de las estructuras de poder.

A Lupita le gustaba planchar de Laura Esquivel (2014) llamó mi atención porque atravesó el género con su anti heroína, una policía poco agraciada y alcohólica que fue víctima de abuso sexual cuando era una niña. Con humor ácido y profundo, la autora nos sumerge en la decadencia de una mujer que, llevada por las circunstancias, se adentra en el mundo de la justicia, o de lo que cree que lo es. 

Después llegó a mi librero Liliana Blum con su Cara de Liebre (2021). Irlanda es una mujer hermosa que se dedica a cazar hombres para asesinarlos y practicar la necrofilia. La historia, de fácil lectura, pero de difícil digestión, nos adentra en la vida de la protagonista y sus vacíos. Un labio leporino es la causa del acoso del que fue víctima desde niña; hay abandono, hay rechazo, hay ausencia, hay inseguridad. Por eso Irlanda prefiere la noche y por eso aniquila, porque los muertos no abandonan. Liliana Blum no dirige nuestras miradas hacia afuera, hacia las estructuras corruptas ni al Estado fallido, por el contrario, nos lleva a la intimidad de una mujer herida, a su casa, a su habitación, a su espejo, en donde se refleja la apariencia «monstruosa» de una asesina marginada por las expectativas de belleza y validación.

Crédito: Getty Images.

Crédito: Getty Images.

En este punto, es importante destacar que lo que ocurre en los años recientes pone en manifiesto una transformación mucho más sustancial que la de tiempo atrás, cuando era más fácil advertir la imitación de los estereotipos maniatados; recuerdo la vez que le pregunté a una autora de novela negra que por qué sus criminales siempre eran hombres y ella me respondió con profunda honestidad que jamás se había planteado que pudieran ser mujeres.

Que no se mal entienda esta reflexión. No se trata de validar un tipo de novela por encima de otra, sino de analizar la conexión entre el género y la incipiente necesidad de las autoras por continuar el camino trazado por Rosario Castellanos, Inés Arredondo, María Elvira Bermúdez, creadora de la primera detective mujer en la literatura Latinoamericana, entre otras. Por ellas los roles femeninos se fueron tornando cada vez más complejos; llama la atención el de las criminales. Tomemos como punto de partida lo que decía Alejo Carpentier en los años ochenta: «El delincuente, el bandido genial, puede resultar mucho más lleno de interés que el sabueso que le muerde incansablemente los talones. No debe olvidarse que el criminal tiene una superioridad filosófica sobre el detective. El criminal aparece como elemento creador (…) su acto altera un equilibrio preestablecido, colocando a sus semejantes ante un hecho originado por su voluntad. Este acto de afirmación equivale a la creación de un problema (…) El detective encuentra un problema perfectamente planteado, que excluye toda creación de su parte, y del que solo puede explicarnos el mecanismo, si acierta en su tarea investigadora. El detective es al delincuente lo que el crítico de arte es al artista; el delincuente inventa, el detective explica (Carpentier, 1982: 187)».

No se trata de validar un tipo de novela por encima de otra, sino de analizar la conexión entre el género y la incipiente necesidad de las autoras por continuar el camino trazado por Rosario Castellanos, Inés Arredondo, María Elvira Bermúdez, creadora de la primera detective mujer en la literatura Latinoamericana, entre otras.

Ciertamente hay criminales que generan simpatía, porque desde su marginalidad, su figura es representada como el resultado de la injusticia y una serie de circunstancias que, yuxtapuestas en la periferia, trazan una frontera que bordea a las élites con alambre y púas. El criminal rompe ese alambrado e irrumpe en el sistema. La criminal irrumpe en dos sistemas, porque, si bien la mujer no está excluida en la narrativa de la novela negra, sí estuvo relegada dentro de ella.

Esta criminal de papel tiene, como seguramente ya lo habrá adivinado, a una cómplice: la autora. La mujer que antes escribía de lo único que conocía —estereotipo conectado a lo doméstico—, ahora se aventura a reclamar un espacio ocupado por el hombre desde el origen del género policial. Su uso de la fuerza, definida comúnmente en términos físicos y por tanto masculinos, enaltece unas capacidades heroicas que han sido concedidas al hombre por excelencia. Esta transfiguración de cualidades ha impactado en los roles «tradicionales» de los personajes masculinos y femeninos que, desde lo social, trazan las relaciones de poder.

El sometimiento y la violencia contra la mujer tienen su grado más cruento en el feminicidio. Aquí se encuentra una revancha imaginaria que concede un nivel de poder al personaje por encima de la estructura patriarcal. ¿O será que la criminal es utilizada por el sistema patriarcal para seguir sosteniendo sus estructuras del poder?

Parece que no, que el personaje femenino sí está cambiando: la criminal asume el poder y el crimen (de papel) se justifica por la impunidad, la corrupción y el olvido. La criminal «ajusticia» en nombre de la ley. Ojo por ojo, diente por diente. La lucha de la criminal, y en medida, de la detective, es también contra el sistema patriarcal entendido como el «sistema de dominación genérico en el cual las mujeres permanecen genéricamente bajo la autoridad a su vez genérica de los varones (Valcárcel, 1990: 61)». Es por eso que el crimen de papel exhibe las complejas relaciones que se entrecruzan entre lo legal, lo ilegal y los trasfondos políticos que rigen los Estados representados en las obras literarias.

La mujer que antes escribía de lo único que conocía —estereotipo conectado a lo doméstico—, ahora se aventura a reclamar un espacio ocupado por el hombre desde el origen del género policial.

El crimen se presenta como un elemento unificador de todos los sucesos que contienen en sí mismos una verdad que no se puede observar a simple vista: una policía no incursiona en la resolución de un enigma sin haber sido víctima de varios delitos, una asesina serial no mata por placer, una detective no irrumpe en las estructuras patriarcales por mero amor a su oficio, una mujer que tortura a sus víctimas antes de asesinarlas quiere plasmar un mensaje en el cuerpo desmembrado. Aquí hay un juego de poder. 

Puede ser que el personaje femenino no vaya en busca de la redención porque no es su finalidad dar cátedras moralistas. Más bien, sea la de generar revueltas y reflexiones que alimentan su propia evolución en un momento histórico en el que se reclama, no solo la mayor visibilización de las causas feministas, sino la búsqueda constante de espacios, aunque estos sean ficticios, en los que por fin se haga justicia.


Bibliografía destacada:

Carpentier, A. (1982). Por la novela policíaca. La Habana: Editorial Arte y Literatura.
Forero, G. (2012). Trece formas de entender la novela negra. Bogotá: Planeta.
Valcárcel, A. (1990). El primer ensayo feminista de una teoría del poder. Painorama, 9, 59-64.

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