Literatura

Samuel (&) Beckett: el rostro y la voz

La dialéctica que articula la obra «beckettiana» –palabra y silencio, grito y susurro, pasado y presente– configura la duda y la pregunta como condiciones esenciales de la experiencia. Por un lado, los espacios de la topografía sentimental –Dublín, París, Londres, New York– y, por el otro, la exploración de los territorios de la geografía textual –el ensayo, el teatro, el relato breve, la novela, la radio, el cine y la poesía–, se encarnan en la vida y la poética del creador irlandés. En diálogo con las páginas de «Samuel & Beckett» (Salamandra Graphic, 2024), atravesamos los pliegues de aquel rostro que cartografió el límite. Y lo cruzó.

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style=\\\"white-space: pre;\\\"> <\/span>El escenario<\/strong><\/p><p>Uno a uno se desglosan los personajes (y los seres humanos) que amasan el universo <em>beckettiano,<\/em> materializaciones de las inquietudes que palpitan en cada texto, desde la poes\u00eda y el teatro hasta la novela y el guion cinematogr\u00e1fico. El cuestionamiento del yo, la propia posibilidad de decir Yo, coloca al sujeto en el centro de la escena, espacio de negociaci\u00f3n entre intimidad y sociedad. En 1934, tras el fallecimiento de su padre, Beckett inicia un proceso de an\u00e1lisis personal (que durar\u00e1 dos a\u00f1os) con el psicoanalista Wilfred Bion, en Londres. La experiencia cl\u00ednica intensifica la conciencia de la escisi\u00f3n como consecuencia del lenguaje, de sus l\u00edmites y contradicciones. El escenario se configura, por tanto, como lugar \u2013f\u00edsico y simb\u00f3lico\u2013 de la interrogaci\u00f3n, donde se problematiza la relaci\u00f3n entre sonidos y significados. La palabra moviliza el silencio en el rect\u00e1ngulo blanco \u2013p\u00e1gina y escena\u2013 que hospeda (y tambi\u00e9n enjaula) las biograf\u00edas de los seres <em>beckettianos.\u00a0<\/em><\/p><p>Una lista de <em>Dramatis personae<\/em> marca el umbral de la secci\u00f3n \u00abSamuel\u00bb del c\u00f3mic <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/novela-grafica\/350221-ebook-samuel-beckett-9788418621536\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><em><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Samuel &amp; Becket<\/span><\/em>t<\/a>, dedicada al ni\u00f1o nacido en Dubl\u00edn en 1906, al joven introvertido que se convirti\u00f3 en un hombre herm\u00e9tico, al aprendiz de James Joyce y jugador de cr\u00edquet y ajedrez, nadador y boxeador, caminante y viajero, miembro de la Resistencia en Par\u00eds durante la ocupaci\u00f3n nazi, amante y amado, que gan\u00f3 con incomodidad el Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1969 y muri\u00f3 \u2013al fin\u2013, veinte a\u00f1os m\u00e1s tarde, en 1989. Est\u00e1 enterrado en el Cementerio de Montparnasse de Par\u00eds. El cat\u00e1logo de la <em>Compa\u00f1\u00eda estable gr\u00e1fica<\/em> inaugura las p\u00e1ginas dedicadas al doble perfecto, el \u00abBeckett\u00bb dramaturgo, ensayista, novelista, guionista, entre dos lenguas.\u00a0<\/p><p>La hebra que trenza las transfusiones entre biograf\u00eda y producci\u00f3n art\u00edstica es precisamente el escenario: cada vi\u00f1eta es un espacio de cuestionamiento del relato biogr\u00e1fico, la construcci\u00f3n de su escenograf\u00eda. La primera persona es en s\u00ed misma un recurso dram\u00e1tico, capaz de articular una voz con teatralidad interna que se escucha mientras se narra. Una voz entre todas: la de Mouth, protagonista de <em>Not I<\/em> (1972), que condensa en un r\u00edo de palabras la dificultad de decir el ser y la conciencia de ser lo que se dice. Un latido entre todos: el de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4ZDRfnICq9M\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Quad<\/a><\/span>, la pieza que Beckett compuso para la televisi\u00f3n alemana en 1981. Un cuadrado \u2013escena y mundo, una vez m\u00e1s\u2013 define los l\u00edmites del movimiento de los personajes, en una persecuci\u00f3n o una procesi\u00f3n, sin posibilidad de encuentro. \u00abEstar siempre en movimiento sin tocar el centro de la tenuidad\u00bb (como escribe Anne Carson, <em>beckettiana<\/em> en la mirada), desplazarse entre 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Cr\u00e9dito: D. 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Cr\u00e9dito: D. R.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"\",\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"2\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"0aqrtve\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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style=\\\"white-space: pre;\\\"> <\/span>La grieta<\/strong><\/p><p>Moverse implica transitar entre el instante presente y la intuici\u00f3n de futuro. Y Beckett se (nos) sit\u00faa ah\u00ed, en el espesor invisible de la ausencia, donde el murmullo y el balbuceo convierten la duda en la posibilidad de seguir diciendo. \u00bfC\u00f3mo? Abriendo en la lengua \u00abun agujero tras otro hasta que lo que acecha detr\u00e1s, sea algo, sea nada, comience a rezumar y a filtrarse\u00bb. As\u00ed profetiza Beckett en la carta que, desde Dubl\u00edn, le env\u00eda a su amigo Axel Kaun el 9 de julio de 1936. M\u00e1s de treinta a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, ante la concesi\u00f3n del Premio Nobel de literatura (1969), la respuesta del maestro irland\u00e9s es <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hYwScABAciA\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">una entrevista muda<\/a><\/span>. Seguir\u00e1 perforando la lengua hasta sus \u00faltimos respiros.<\/p><p>Moldear la grieta como forma creativa intensifica el potencial de la fragmentaci\u00f3n. En el per\u00edmetro del c\u00f3mic multiplica los sentidos de las secuencias narrativas y visuales. La arquitectura de <em>Samuel &amp; Beckett<\/em> es, de hecho, m\u00faltiple, empezando por la dimensi\u00f3n crom\u00e1tica \u2013azul para las p\u00e1ginas dedicadas a Samuel, amarillo para las que muestran a Beckett. Las capas hist\u00f3ricas (los macro acontecimientos que impactan la vivencia personal) y biogr\u00e1ficas (el apu\u00f1alamiento en Par\u00eds, en 1938, por mano de un desconocido; las relaciones con Lucia, hermana de Joyce, con <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/978596-peggy-guggenheim\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">la coleccionista y mecenas Peggy Guggenheim<\/a><\/span> y con la pianista y tenista Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil) confabulan con los niveles gr\u00e1ficos y textuales para instalar la dimensi\u00f3n metaliteraria. Es decir, la elipsis vertebra los fragmentos de la vida y de la obra, en un doble movimiento de excavaci\u00f3n biogr\u00e1fica y selecci\u00f3n po\u00e9tica, combinaci\u00f3n gr\u00e1fica y concentraci\u00f3n simb\u00f3lica, en sinton\u00eda con la intencionalidad <em>beckettiana.<\/em><\/p><p>\u00abLa telara\u00f1a de arrugas de Beckett es una malla compuesta por sus palabras. Parece que hubiera excavado su cara escribiendo, que su escritura continuara en la superficie de su rostro, que sus palabras dibujaran sus rasgos\u00bb, escribi\u00f3 el artista Tullio Pericoli en <em>El alma del rostro.<\/em> Las grietas en la piel custodian los detritos del pasado, ecos de la huella que perfora la lengua materna: a partir de 1945, Beckett elige escribir en franc\u00e9s. M\u00e1s tarde empieza a autotraducirse al ingl\u00e9s, en una danza de sonidos y sintaxis que produce la ca\u00edda progresiva de la palabra, asomada al abismo de su ineficacia. <em>Cascando<\/em> (variaci\u00f3n de <em>calando,<\/em> t\u00e9rmino que indica la disminuci\u00f3n de sonido, tono o tempo) es el t\u00edtulo de un poema en ingl\u00e9s de julio 1936. Beckett utilizar\u00e1 la misma palabra para la pieza radiof\u00f3nica que escribi\u00f3 en franc\u00e9s en 1963 y se estren\u00f3 el 13 de octubre del mismo a\u00f1o, dirigida por Roger Blin: \u00abun \u00faltimo atardecer de \u00faltimas veces de 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style=\\\"white-space: pre;\\\"> <\/span>El recuerdo<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00abAgotadores, los recuerdos\u00bb, recita el narrador de <em>El expulsado<\/em> (1945). En efecto, el mecanismo de la memoria activa la producci\u00f3n de discurso, dinamitando el presente de los personajes <em>beckettianos,<\/em> atrapados en la repetici\u00f3n de frases y gestos, inmovilizados en los bordes de sus escenarios \u00edntimos. \u00abLas leyes de la memoria est\u00e1n sujetas a las leyes m\u00e1s generales del h\u00e1bito. El h\u00e1bito es un pacto efectuado entre el individuo y su entorno, o entre el individuo y sus propias excentricidades org\u00e1nicas: la garant\u00eda de una inviolabilidad mediocre, el pararrayos de su existencia\u00bb, como escribi\u00f3 Beckett en el ensayo <em>Proust<\/em> (1930). Y en el teatro potencia hasta el extremo el valor formal del recuerdo, medio y contenido.\u00a0<\/p><p><em>La \u00faltima cinta<\/em> de Krapp se represent\u00f3 por primera vez en Londres en 1958 (Londres). Una larga acotaci\u00f3n introduce al protagonista del acto \u00fanico, describiendo sus rasgos f\u00edsicos y las caracter\u00edsticas de su voz. Krapp es el compendio de las figuras teatrales que lo preceden, entre circense y tr\u00e1gico, es miope y no lleva gafas, vagabundo y artista. Su voz determina el espacio dram\u00e1tico, nombra las pausas y los movimientos en el escenario, marca el lugar (f\u00edsico, temporal y emocional) desde el cual hablar y escucharse, a trav\u00e9s del magnet\u00f3fono que traza la escenograf\u00eda. Las grabaciones en la cinta son el testimonio de la desintegraci\u00f3n de la personalidad: el Krapp de ayer ya no existe para el de hoy, la voz que habla no es la misma que escucha. El recuerdo vive y muere en el instante de su reproducci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>La obsesi\u00f3n de los personajes por reconocer una voz (la propia) que procede de un tiempo anterior se traslada a la radio casi por trasvase. Beckett explora el proceso creativo en la concreci\u00f3n de intenci\u00f3n y enunciaci\u00f3n. En 1957 escribe <em>All that fall<\/em> en ingl\u00e9s, sit\u00faa la pieza en un escenario geogr\u00e1fico (un pueblo del sur de Dubl\u00edn), cuyo paisaje sonoro graba, fragmenta, acelera. Tecnolog\u00eda de la voz antes de este siglo de mezcla y edici\u00f3n, memorias<em> beckettianas.<\/em><\/p><p><br \/><strong>4.<span style=\\\"white-space: pre;\\\"> <\/span>El sonido<\/strong><\/p><p>Le escritura es cuesti\u00f3n de sonidos. Bien lo saben los protagonistas de la trilog\u00eda narrativa que indaga el car\u00e1cter residual del lenguaje: \u00ab\u00bfD\u00f3nde ahora? \u00bfCu\u00e1ndo ahora? \u00bfQui\u00e9n ahora? Sin pregunt\u00e1rmelo. Decir yo. Sin pensarlo. Llamar a esto preguntas, hip\u00f3tesis\u00bb, piensa el Innombrable y en sus dudas resuenan las de Murphy y Malone. Los tres experimentan la fricci\u00f3n entre palabra y significado. El sonido se vuelve campo magn\u00e9tico de experimentaci\u00f3n, entre ingl\u00e9s y franc\u00e9s, alem\u00e1n e italiano \u2013ritmo, tono, frecuencia. Las piezas breves vibran en la concentraci\u00f3n de sus elementos. Las m\u00e1s extensas laten en la irradiaci\u00f3n de sus interrogaciones. Todas incorporan el ritmo de la espera.<\/p><p>El punto de llegada de <em>Esperando a Godot<\/em> (1953) coincide con el de partida. La entrop\u00eda de la espiral es imagen de la condici\u00f3n humana, anclada a los l\u00edmites de tiempo, espacio y lenguaje. Godot no ha llegado. Seguiremos esperando, escupiendo silencios para pautar nuestro calando. O tal vez, como Anne Carson, consigamos entrevistar a Godot, el \u00abcaballero que todos esperaban a finales del siglo XX. He aqu\u00ed la transcripci\u00f3n de nuestra charla:<\/p><p>Lo primero es lo primero, \u00bfte llamo Godot o Godot? <br \/>\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 no usar mi nombre?<br \/>De acuerdo, \u00bfcu\u00e1l es?<br \/>Rusty.<br \/>Pues, dime, Rusty, \u00bfc\u00f3mo empez\u00f3 todo, lo de no llegar?\u00bb.<br \/>(Es el cielo que habla, en <a href=\\\"https:\/\/channel.hammer.ucla.edu\/video\/444\/anne-carson-performs-lecture-on-the-history-of-skywriting\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em>Lecture on the History of Skywriting)<\/em><\/span><\/a>.<\/p><p>Finalmente, las palabras salen como susurros, rotas por el hipo, como en <em>Play<\/em> (1962), juego y comedia, iluminados por un foco de luz violenta que completa el cuarteto en un tr\u00edo de personajes. 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style=\\\"white-space: pre;\\\"> <\/span>El doble<\/strong><\/p><p>La dial\u00e9ctica entre luz y oscuridad pinta las parejas complementarias que gritan y balbucean en tantos dramas <em>beckettianos<\/em> y se traduce en el doble cromatismo de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/novela-grafica\/350221-ebook-samuel-beckett-9788418621536\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Samuel &amp; Beckett<\/a><\/em><\/span>, invadido por las zonas grises que siembran la duda y piden la implicaci\u00f3n por parte de quien lee. Si Beckett, en sus propuestas dramat\u00fargicas, recupera el valor originario del teatro (el lugar donde se va a ver), el c\u00f3mic expone la visi\u00f3n y la invitaci\u00f3n a navegar por sus alegor\u00edas.<\/p><p>El contrapunto implica la presencia de una duplicidad, la palabra se configura a trav\u00e9s del silencio, y viceversa. Pensemos en <em>Final de partida<\/em> (1957) y en <em>Los d\u00edas felices<\/em> (1961): un personaje habla y el otro escucha, o finge hacerlo; uno pregunta, el otro contesta; uno pide, el otro otorga; uno muere, el otro tambi\u00e9n.<\/p><p>Finalmente, el lenguaje es siempre opaco, se deshace en su hacerse para volver a repetirse. Y Beckett integra todas las formas de su vocabulario art\u00edstico en <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BSnv6haPadM\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Film<\/a><\/em><\/span>: escribe el guion de la pel\u00edcula en 1963 y, en verano del a\u00f1o siguiente, viaja por primera y \u00fanica vez a New York para el rodaje. El protagonista es Buster Keaton y se encarga de la direcci\u00f3n Alan Schneider (que ya hab\u00eda dirigido el estreno en Estados Unidos de <em>Esperando a Godot<\/em>, en 1956). El ojo es la grieta entre la observaci\u00f3n de la realidad sensible y la autopercepci\u00f3n, la presencia de una mirada ajena \u2013tecnol\u00f3gica y, sin embargo, humana\u2013 convierte el desplazamiento en huida, hasta que el protagonista se identifica con su propio perseguidor. Contempla entonces sus manos, dobles como los recuerdos enmarcados en la pared y en relato que no escuchamos. La pel\u00edcula es muda.<\/p><p>En 1980, la Universidad de Ohio organiz\u00f3 un simposio en honor a Beckett, que cumpl\u00eda setenta y cinco a\u00f1os. A petici\u00f3n del profesor Stanley Gontarski, el dramaturgo escribi\u00f3 <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wqENlBXXvfU\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Ohio Impromptu<\/a><\/em><\/span>, una pieza breve que ataca las fibras del acto de comunicaci\u00f3n. Dos personajes (una pareja o figuraciones de la misma persona o un mensajero y el destinatario del mensaje) repiten, con m\u00ednimas variaciones, la certeza y su duda: <em>nothing is left to tell,<\/em> nada queda por decir.\u00a0<\/p><p>El resto es un rostro y una voz, Samuel &amp; Beckett.<\/p><p><br \/><br \/>*<\/p><p><strong>Bibliograf\u00eda<\/strong><\/p><p>Anne Carson, <em>Flota,<\/em> traducci\u00f3n de Andr\u00e9s Catal\u00e1n y Jordi Doce, Madrid, Cielo el\u00e9ctrico, 2019.<\/p><p>Anne Carson, <em>Wrong Norma,<\/em> New York, New Directions Books, 2004.<\/p><p>Javier Olivares y Jorge Carri\u00f3n, <em>Samuel &amp; Beckett,<\/em> Barcelona, Salamandra Graphic, 2024.<\/p><p>Marthe Dow Fehsenfeld and Lois More Overbeck (Eds.),<em> The Letters of Samuel Beckett. Vol. 1. 1929-1940,<\/em> New York, Cambridge University Press, 2009.<\/p><p>Samuel Beckett, <em>Deseos del hombre y Carta alemana,<\/em> traducci\u00f3n de Miguel Mart\u00ednez Lage, Segovia, La U\u00f1a Rota, 2004.<\/p><p>Samuel Beckett, <em>Detritus,<\/em> traducci\u00f3n de Jenaro Talens, Barcelona, Tusquets, 1978.<\/p><p>Samuel Beckett, <em>Obra po\u00e9tica completa,<\/em> traducci\u00f3n de Jenaro Talens, Madrid, Hiperi\u00f3n, 2000.<\/p><p>Samuel Beckett, <em>Proust y otros ensayos,<\/em> traducci\u00f3n de Marcela Fuentealba, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2008.<\/p><p>Susan Sontag, <em>Contra la interpretaci\u00f3n<\/em> y otros ensayos, traducci\u00f3n de Horacio V\u00e1zquez Rial, Barcelona, Seix Barral, 1984.<\/p><p>Tullio Pericoli, <em>El alma del rostro,<\/em> traducci\u00f3n de Mar\u00eda Condor, Madrid, Siruela, 2006.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"38zgtdf\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/novelas-ficcion-joan-didion-reportaje-laura-fernandez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Las novelas de Joan Didion tambi\u00e9n cambiaron el mundo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/jose-saramago-otros-escritores\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Jos\u00e9 Saramago: todos los escritores que viven en m\u00ed<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/despedidas\/jean-luc-godard-por-susan-sontag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Jean-Luc Godard por Susan Sontag: cine con identidad literaria<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/susan-sontag-david-rieff-prologo-obra-imprescindible\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Susan Sontag por David Rieff: desesperada por perdurar<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/literatura\/le-clezio-identidad-nomada-nuestra-necesidad-de-consuelo-nobel-literatura\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Le Cl\u00e9zio y nuestra necesidad de consuelo<\/a><\/span><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"solid\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"n6ct60l\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"full_width\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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15 minutos

Por  Marilena De Chiara

Samuel Beckett en 1964 (izquierda) y 1986. Crédito: Getty Images.

Samuel Beckett en 1964 (izquierda) y 1986. Crédito: Getty Images.

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«Piensa en la página de un libro. / ¿Son las palabras la tinta o el papel que contiene la forma de esta tinta?», escribe Anne Carson en Pilas de humo. La simbiosis entre medio y lenguaje amplifica la pregunta ante las páginas de una novela gráfica, por la interacción (e interferencia) entre el código verbal y el visual. Si, además, la tinta y el papel conspiran para narrar la biografía y documentar el proceso creativo de Samuel Beckett (1906-1989), los bordes entre forma y contenido se tensan para albergar el silencio, inyectando la escucha en la experiencia de lectura.

La experimentación formal es un rasgo nuclear de la propuesta beckettiana, evidente no sólo en la variedad de ámbitos creativos, sino en el ejercicio constante de fracturar la lengua para explorar lenguajes. En Contra la interpretación (1966), Susan Sontag defendió la importancia de contener el impulso interpretativo y orientar la mirada hacia los modos de la creación: «Lo que se necesita es un vocabulario –un vocabulario, más que prescriptivo, descriptivo– de las formas». De la mano de Jorge Carrión y Javier Olivares, dibujamos una lexicografía de formas beckettianas, sin orden ni jerarquía, como un laboratorio de invocaciones alquímicas, como estos versos de las Letanías que Beckett compuso entre 1976 y 1978 (en traducción de Jenaro Talens):

escúchalas
sumarse
las palabras
a las palabras
sin palabra
los pasos
a los pasos
uno a
uno

  • ¡En oferta!

Samuel & Beckett

¿Dónde acaba Samuel y dónde empieza Beckett? La biografía de Samuel Beckett en un juego de espejos: vida y obra, persona y personaje, historia y mito.
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1. El escenario

Uno a uno se desglosan los personajes (y los seres humanos) que amasan el universo beckettiano, materializaciones de las inquietudes que palpitan en cada texto, desde la poesía y el teatro hasta la novela y el guion cinematográfico. El cuestionamiento del yo, la propia posibilidad de decir Yo, coloca al sujeto en el centro de la escena, espacio de negociación entre intimidad y sociedad. En 1934, tras el fallecimiento de su padre, Beckett inicia un proceso de análisis personal (que durará dos años) con el psicoanalista Wilfred Bion, en Londres. La experiencia clínica intensifica la conciencia de la escisión como consecuencia del lenguaje, de sus límites y contradicciones. El escenario se configura, por tanto, como lugar –físico y simbólico– de la interrogación, donde se problematiza la relación entre sonidos y significados. La palabra moviliza el silencio en el rectángulo blanco –página y escena– que hospeda (y también enjaula) las biografías de los seres beckettianos. 

Una lista de Dramatis personae marca el umbral de la sección «Samuel» del cómic Samuel & Beckett, dedicada al niño nacido en Dublín en 1906, al joven introvertido que se convirtió en un hombre hermético, al aprendiz de James Joyce y jugador de críquet y ajedrez, nadador y boxeador, caminante y viajero, miembro de la Resistencia en París durante la ocupación nazi, amante y amado, que ganó con incomodidad el Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1969 y murió –al fin–, veinte años más tarde, en 1989. Está enterrado en el Cementerio de Montparnasse de París. El catálogo de la Compañía estable gráfica inaugura las páginas dedicadas al doble perfecto, el «Beckett» dramaturgo, ensayista, novelista, guionista, entre dos lenguas. 

La hebra que trenza las transfusiones entre biografía y producción artística es precisamente el escenario: cada viñeta es un espacio de cuestionamiento del relato biográfico, la construcción de su escenografía. La primera persona es en sí misma un recurso dramático, capaz de articular una voz con teatralidad interna que se escucha mientras se narra. Una voz entre todas: la de Mouth, protagonista de Not I (1972), que condensa en un río de palabras la dificultad de decir el ser y la conciencia de ser lo que se dice. Un latido entre todos: el de Quad, la pieza que Beckett compuso para la televisión alemana en 1981. Un cuadrado –escena y mundo, una vez más– define los límites del movimiento de los personajes, en una persecución o una procesión, sin posibilidad de encuentro. «Estar siempre en movimiento sin tocar el centro de la tenuidad» (como escribe Anne Carson, beckettiana en la mirada), desplazarse entre formas.

Páginas interiores de la biografía ilustrada Samuel & Beckett, obra de Javier Olivares y Jorge Carrión (Salamandra Graphic). Crédito: D. R.

Páginas interiores de la biografía ilustrada Samuel & Beckett, obra de Javier Olivares y Jorge Carrión (Salamandra Graphic). Crédito: D. R.

2. La grieta

Moverse implica transitar entre el instante presente y la intuición de futuro. Y Beckett se (nos) sitúa ahí, en el espesor invisible de la ausencia, donde el murmullo y el balbuceo convierten la duda en la posibilidad de seguir diciendo. ¿Cómo? Abriendo en la lengua «un agujero tras otro hasta que lo que acecha detrás, sea algo, sea nada, comience a rezumar y a filtrarse». Así profetiza Beckett en la carta que, desde Dublín, le envía a su amigo Axel Kaun el 9 de julio de 1936. Más de treinta años después, ante la concesión del Premio Nobel de literatura (1969), la respuesta del maestro irlandés es una entrevista muda. Seguirá perforando la lengua hasta sus últimos respiros.

Moldear la grieta como forma creativa intensifica el potencial de la fragmentación. En el perímetro del cómic multiplica los sentidos de las secuencias narrativas y visuales. La arquitectura de Samuel & Beckett es, de hecho, múltiple, empezando por la dimensión cromática –azul para las páginas dedicadas a Samuel, amarillo para las que muestran a Beckett. Las capas históricas (los macro acontecimientos que impactan la vivencia personal) y biográficas (el apuñalamiento en París, en 1938, por mano de un desconocido; las relaciones con Lucia, hermana de Joyce, con la coleccionista y mecenas Peggy Guggenheim y con la pianista y tenista Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil) confabulan con los niveles gráficos y textuales para instalar la dimensión metaliteraria. Es decir, la elipsis vertebra los fragmentos de la vida y de la obra, en un doble movimiento de excavación biográfica y selección poética, combinación gráfica y concentración simbólica, en sintonía con la intencionalidad beckettiana.

«La telaraña de arrugas de Beckett es una malla compuesta por sus palabras. Parece que hubiera excavado su cara escribiendo, que su escritura continuara en la superficie de su rostro, que sus palabras dibujaran sus rasgos», escribió el artista Tullio Pericoli en El alma del rostro. Las grietas en la piel custodian los detritos del pasado, ecos de la huella que perfora la lengua materna: a partir de 1945, Beckett elige escribir en francés. Más tarde empieza a autotraducirse al inglés, en una danza de sonidos y sintaxis que produce la caída progresiva de la palabra, asomada al abismo de su ineficacia. Cascando (variación de calando, término que indica la disminución de sonido, tono o tempo) es el título de un poema en inglés de julio 1936. Beckett utilizará la misma palabra para la pieza radiofónica que escribió en francés en 1963 y se estrenó el 13 de octubre del mismo año, dirigida por Roger Blin: «un último atardecer de últimas veces de decir».

Samuel Beckett en 1985. Crédito: Getty Images.

Samuel Beckett en 1985. Crédito: Getty Images.

3. El recuerdo

«Agotadores, los recuerdos», recita el narrador de El expulsado (1945). En efecto, el mecanismo de la memoria activa la producción de discurso, dinamitando el presente de los personajes beckettianos, atrapados en la repetición de frases y gestos, inmovilizados en los bordes de sus escenarios íntimos. «Las leyes de la memoria están sujetas a las leyes más generales del hábito. El hábito es un pacto efectuado entre el individuo y su entorno, o entre el individuo y sus propias excentricidades orgánicas: la garantía de una inviolabilidad mediocre, el pararrayos de su existencia», como escribió Beckett en el ensayo Proust (1930). Y en el teatro potencia hasta el extremo el valor formal del recuerdo, medio y contenido. 

La última cinta de Krapp se representó por primera vez en Londres en 1958 (Londres). Una larga acotación introduce al protagonista del acto único, describiendo sus rasgos físicos y las características de su voz. Krapp es el compendio de las figuras teatrales que lo preceden, entre circense y trágico, es miope y no lleva gafas, vagabundo y artista. Su voz determina el espacio dramático, nombra las pausas y los movimientos en el escenario, marca el lugar (físico, temporal y emocional) desde el cual hablar y escucharse, a través del magnetófono que traza la escenografía. Las grabaciones en la cinta son el testimonio de la desintegración de la personalidad: el Krapp de ayer ya no existe para el de hoy, la voz que habla no es la misma que escucha. El recuerdo vive y muere en el instante de su reproducción.

La obsesión de los personajes por reconocer una voz (la propia) que procede de un tiempo anterior se traslada a la radio casi por trasvase. Beckett explora el proceso creativo en la concreción de intención y enunciación. En 1957 escribe All that fall en inglés, sitúa la pieza en un escenario geográfico (un pueblo del sur de Dublín), cuyo paisaje sonoro graba, fragmenta, acelera. Tecnología de la voz antes de este siglo de mezcla y edición, memorias beckettianas.


4. El sonido

Le escritura es cuestión de sonidos. Bien lo saben los protagonistas de la trilogía narrativa que indaga el carácter residual del lenguaje: «¿Dónde ahora? ¿Cuándo ahora? ¿Quién ahora? Sin preguntármelo. Decir yo. Sin pensarlo. Llamar a esto preguntas, hipótesis», piensa el Innombrable y en sus dudas resuenan las de Murphy y Malone. Los tres experimentan la fricción entre palabra y significado. El sonido se vuelve campo magnético de experimentación, entre inglés y francés, alemán e italiano –ritmo, tono, frecuencia. Las piezas breves vibran en la concentración de sus elementos. Las más extensas laten en la irradiación de sus interrogaciones. Todas incorporan el ritmo de la espera.

El punto de llegada de Esperando a Godot (1953) coincide con el de partida. La entropía de la espiral es imagen de la condición humana, anclada a los límites de tiempo, espacio y lenguaje. Godot no ha llegado. Seguiremos esperando, escupiendo silencios para pautar nuestro calando. O tal vez, como Anne Carson, consigamos entrevistar a Godot, el «caballero que todos esperaban a finales del siglo XX. He aquí la transcripción de nuestra charla:

Lo primero es lo primero, ¿te llamo Godot o Godot?
¿Por qué no usar mi nombre?
De acuerdo, ¿cuál es?
Rusty.
Pues, dime, Rusty, ¿cómo empezó todo, lo de no llegar?».
(Es el cielo que habla, en Lecture on the History of Skywriting).

Finalmente, las palabras salen como susurros, rotas por el hipo, como en Play (1962), juego y comedia, iluminados por un foco de luz violenta que completa el cuarteto en un trío de personajes. Por eso, ya es hora, como en otra letanía:

noche que tanto haces
que imploremos el alba
por favor noche
cae.

Páginas interiores de la biografía ilustrada Samuel & Beckett, obra de Javier Olivares y Jorge Carrión (Salamandra Graphic). Crédito: D. R.

Páginas interiores de la biografía ilustrada Samuel & Beckett, obra de Javier Olivares y Jorge Carrión (Salamandra Graphic). Crédito: D. R.

5. El doble

La dialéctica entre luz y oscuridad pinta las parejas complementarias que gritan y balbucean en tantos dramas beckettianos y se traduce en el doble cromatismo de Samuel & Beckett, invadido por las zonas grises que siembran la duda y piden la implicación por parte de quien lee. Si Beckett, en sus propuestas dramatúrgicas, recupera el valor originario del teatro (el lugar donde se va a ver), el cómic expone la visión y la invitación a navegar por sus alegorías.

El contrapunto implica la presencia de una duplicidad, la palabra se configura a través del silencio, y viceversa. Pensemos en Final de partida (1957) y en Los días felices (1961): un personaje habla y el otro escucha, o finge hacerlo; uno pregunta, el otro contesta; uno pide, el otro otorga; uno muere, el otro también.

Finalmente, el lenguaje es siempre opaco, se deshace en su hacerse para volver a repetirse. Y Beckett integra todas las formas de su vocabulario artístico en Film: escribe el guion de la película en 1963 y, en verano del año siguiente, viaja por primera y única vez a New York para el rodaje. El protagonista es Buster Keaton y se encarga de la dirección Alan Schneider (que ya había dirigido el estreno en Estados Unidos de Esperando a Godot, en 1956). El ojo es la grieta entre la observación de la realidad sensible y la autopercepción, la presencia de una mirada ajena –tecnológica y, sin embargo, humana– convierte el desplazamiento en huida, hasta que el protagonista se identifica con su propio perseguidor. Contempla entonces sus manos, dobles como los recuerdos enmarcados en la pared y en relato que no escuchamos. La película es muda.

En 1980, la Universidad de Ohio organizó un simposio en honor a Beckett, que cumplía setenta y cinco años. A petición del profesor Stanley Gontarski, el dramaturgo escribió Ohio Impromptu, una pieza breve que ataca las fibras del acto de comunicación. Dos personajes (una pareja o figuraciones de la misma persona o un mensajero y el destinatario del mensaje) repiten, con mínimas variaciones, la certeza y su duda: nothing is left to tell, nada queda por decir. 

El resto es un rostro y una voz, Samuel & Beckett.



*

Bibliografía

Anne Carson, Flota, traducción de Andrés Catalán y Jordi Doce, Madrid, Cielo eléctrico, 2019.

Anne Carson, Wrong Norma, New York, New Directions Books, 2004.

Javier Olivares y Jorge Carrión, Samuel & Beckett, Barcelona, Salamandra Graphic, 2024.

Marthe Dow Fehsenfeld and Lois More Overbeck (Eds.), The Letters of Samuel Beckett. Vol. 1. 1929-1940, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Samuel Beckett, Deseos del hombre y Carta alemana, traducción de Miguel Martínez Lage, Segovia, La Uña Rota, 2004.

Samuel Beckett, Detritus, traducción de Jenaro Talens, Barcelona, Tusquets, 1978.

Samuel Beckett, Obra poética completa, traducción de Jenaro Talens, Madrid, Hiperión, 2000.

Samuel Beckett, Proust y otros ensayos, traducción de Marcela Fuentealba, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2008.

Susan Sontag, Contra la interpretación y otros ensayos, traducción de Horacio Vázquez Rial, Barcelona, Seix Barral, 1984.

Tullio Pericoli, El alma del rostro, traducción de María Condor, Madrid, Siruela, 2006.

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