Música

Platón contra el reguetón

Desde los cantos desgarrados de los esclavos africanos hasta las coreografías hipnóticas del K-pop, pasando por la alquimia de Rosalía o las ecuaciones sonoras de Bach, el pulso musical ha narrado lo que las palabras no alcanzan: es consuelo y rebelión, ciencia y rito, ruido y belleza. En el libro «Otra historia de la música» (Ediciones B, noviembre de 2025), Miguel Ángel Cajigal (El Barroquista) rastrea el poder invisible de la música como arte y como espejo de lo humano. Con su habitual mezcla de erudición y humor, Cajigal desarma los mitos que la rodean y nos invita a escuchar el pasado -y el presente- con otros oídos. Con motivo de la publicación del cierre de la trilogía «Otra historia», LENGUA ofrece un extracto del libro: el provocador capítulo «Platón contra el reguetón», un texto que recuerda la vieja aversión del filósofo griego hacia la música «moderna» de su tiempo para tender un puente con los debates actuales sobre los géneros populares.

{"id":3363,"id_simpleblog_post":"3363","id_simpleblog_category":"64","id_simpleblog_post_type":"1","id_simpleblog_author":"0","author":"Miguel \u00c1ngel Cajigal Vera","author_url":"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/175026-miguel-angel-cajigal-vera","likes":"0","views":"2856","allow_comments":"2","is_featured":"1","access":"a:7:{i:1;b:1;i:2;b:1;i:3;b:1;i:4;b:0;i:5;b:0;i:6;b:0;i:7;b:0;}","cover":"jpg","featured":"jpg","id_product":"409946,409832","id_category_tematica":"69,70,116110,167673,217505","id_category_autor":"175026","id_category_editorial":"11379","id_event":"0","active":"1","title":"Plat\u00f3n contra el reguet\u00f3n","meta_title":"Plat\u00f3n contra el reguet\u00f3n","meta_description":"Miguel \u00c1ngel Cajigal, El Barroquista, explora el poder social y cultural de la m\u00fasica en \u00abOtra historia de la m\u00fasica\u00bb. LENGUA ofrece un extracto del libro, un texto que recuerda la vieja aversi\u00f3n del fil\u00f3sofo griego hacia la m\u00fasica \u00abmoderna\u00bb.","meta_keywords":"Miguel \u00c1ngel Cajigal, El Barroquista, Otra historia de la m\u00fasica, Ediciones B, LENGUA, Plat\u00f3n contra el reguet\u00f3n, historia de la m\u00fasica, libros sobre m\u00fasica, filosof\u00eda y m\u00fasica, reguet\u00f3n, cultura musical, ensayo musical","short_content":"<p>Desde los cantos desgarrados de los esclavos africanos hasta las coreograf\u00edas hipn\u00f3ticas del K-pop, pasando por la alquimia de Rosal\u00eda o las ecuaciones sonoras de Bach, el pulso musical ha narrado lo que las palabras no alcanzan: es consuelo y rebeli\u00f3n, ciencia y rito, ruido y belleza. En el libro \u00abOtra historia de la m\u00fasica\u00bb (Ediciones B, noviembre de 2025), Miguel \u00c1ngel Cajigal (El Barroquista) rastrea el poder invisible de la m\u00fasica como arte y como espejo de lo humano. Con su habitual mezcla de erudici\u00f3n y humor, Cajigal desarma los mitos que la rodean y nos invita a escuchar el pasado -y el presente- con otros o\u00eddos. Con motivo de la publicaci\u00f3n del cierre de la trilog\u00eda \u00abOtra historia\u00bb, LENGUA ofrece un extracto del libro: el provocador cap\u00edtulo \u00abPlat\u00f3n contra el reguet\u00f3n\u00bb, un texto que recuerda la vieja aversi\u00f3n del fil\u00f3sofo griego hacia la m\u00fasica \u00abmoderna\u00bb de su tiempo para tender un puente con los debates actuales sobre los g\u00e9neros populares.<\/p>","full_content":"","content":"[{\"id\":\"2c81zkf\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"30\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"4a913id\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"transparent\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"m987w2x\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_image\":\"\",\"image\":{\"url\":\"\/es\/img\/cms\/LENGUA\/platon-INTERIOR.webp\",\"id\":1},\"align\":\"center\",\"align_tablet\":\"center\",\"align_mobile\":\"center\",\"caption\":\"Plat\u00f3n feat. Daddy Yankee. Cr\u00e9dito: Suso Merlo.\",\"link_to\":\"none\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":\"\",\"url\":\"\"},\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_style_image\":\"\",\"space\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1},\"hover_animation\":\"\",\"image_border_border\":\"\",\"image_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_border_color\":\"\",\"image_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"q1a8p75\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: right;\\\">Plat\u00f3n <em>feat.<\/em> Daddy Yankee. Cr\u00e9dito: Suso Merlo.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"\",\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"2\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"70hfvqf\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"bzge1km\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"transparent\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"oe984o0\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_image\":\"\",\"image\":{\"url\":\"\/es\/img\/cms\/LENGUA\/Banner-Newsletter-ok-OK.webp\",\"id\":1},\"align\":\"center\",\"align_tablet\":\"center\",\"align_mobile\":\"center\",\"caption\":\"Suscr\u00edbete a la newsletter de Revista LENGUA\",\"link_to\":\"custom\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":true,\"url\":\"https:\/\/a.cstmapp.com\/p\/920516\"},\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_style_image\":\"\",\"space\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1},\"hover_animation\":\"\",\"image_border_border\":\"\",\"image_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_border_color\":\"\",\"image_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"ghgckus\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"110\",\"bottom\":\"40\",\"left\":\"110\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"40\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"61my46x\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"gosl8ad\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: left;\\\">El fil\u00f3sofo ateniense <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/6925-platon-\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Plat\u00f3n<\/span><\/a> es, sin ninguna duda, una de las figuras m\u00e1s relevantes de la historia. Disc\u00edpulo de S\u00f3crates y maestro de <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libros-de-filosofia\/338824-ebook-lecciones-de-aristoteles-9788430626519\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Arist\u00f3teles<\/span><\/a>, su pensamiento empapa toda la historia de Occidente y ha sido materia de estudio durante siglos. Como expresi\u00f3n de sus conceptos, concibi\u00f3 algunas de las met\u00e1foras m\u00e1s transmitidas de todos los tiempos, como el mito de la caverna, y desarroll\u00f3 un sistema filos\u00f3fico que ha influido en la humanidad durante m\u00e1s de dos mil a\u00f1os.\u00a0<\/p><p>Y, adem\u00e1s de todo eso, Plat\u00f3n era el t\u00edpico se\u00f1or cascarrabias que odia la m\u00fasica moderna.\u00a0<\/p><p>Es posible que esta parte de la biograf\u00eda del famoso fil\u00f3sofo no te suene demasiado, porque en la escuela le damos muy poca importancia a la formaci\u00f3n musical en general y, en particular, cualquier conexi\u00f3n del arte sonoro con otras disciplinas acad\u00e9micas es pr\u00e1cticamente invisible en el curr\u00edculo educativo. Pero este pensamiento suyo no es una simple an\u00e9cdota. Entre los muchos autores del pasado que eran conscientes de la importancia de la <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/167673-libros-de-musica\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">m\u00fasica<\/span><\/a> para el ser humano, Plat\u00f3n seguramente destaca por la trascendencia e influencia de su pensamiento, que, como veremos, todav\u00eda est\u00e1 muy vigente en la actualidad.\u00a0<\/p><p>Para ser honestos, lo cierto es que la postura plat\u00f3nica hacia la m\u00fasica resulta ambigua e incluso, en ocasiones, parece contradictoria, si la evaluamos a la luz de los textos que se han conservado. En algunos pasajes, alarmado por la enorme influencia que determinados tonos musicales tienen sobre las emociones humanas, coquetea incluso con la idea de la prohibici\u00f3n de toda la m\u00fasica, mientras que en otros momentos reconoce los importantes valores que las canciones y la danza transmiten en la educaci\u00f3n de la infancia. Lo que realmente le preocupaba es lo que podr\u00edamos llamar, con una expresi\u00f3n ciertamente melodram\u00e1tica, \u00abel poder de la m\u00fasica\u00bb. Que no es otra cosa que el bien conocido fen\u00f3meno que experimentamos cuando, tras una mala jornada de trabajo, nos ponemos un tema que nos levanta el \u00e1nimo, o, despu\u00e9s de una ruptura sentimental, nos encerramos con esas canciones que siempre nos mueven al llanto.\u00a0<\/p><p>Ese poco inter\u00e9s hacia la m\u00fasica en la escuela actual que he mencionado resulta especialmente llamativo si consideramos la gran preocupaci\u00f3n que ha despertado a lo largo de la historia la repercusi\u00f3n de este arte en la educaci\u00f3n de las personas. El propio Plat\u00f3n consideraba digna de elogio, y por tanto adecuada para la juventud, la m\u00fasica que sosten\u00eda aquellos valores asociados al civismo y que fomentaba el orden social establecido. Por el contrario, en el otro plato de la balanza colocaba las canciones que a trav\u00e9s de sus armon\u00edas y ritmos fomentaban emociones turbulentas e incitaban a las personas a un comportamiento indecoroso.\u00a0<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"10\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"nw5dwal\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"left\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"10\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"10\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"riz9d5l\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":\"\",\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"left\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"xugks21\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_pswidget_options\":\"\",\"product_source\":\"xx\",\"products_limit\":\"1\",\"products_caracteristicas_ids\":[\"409946\"],\"view\":\"widget-producto-recomendado\",\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\",\"search_type_select\":1,\"tematicas_ids\":\"\",\"autores_ids\":\"\",\"editoriales_ids\":\"\",\"editoriales_in_not\":\"IN\",\"days_range\":\"30\",\"order_by\":\"fecha_nov\",\"formato\":\"0\",\"second_order_by\":\"tiraje\",\"order_way\":\"desc\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"prestashop-widget-ProductoRecomendaciones\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"bhoxzew\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"40\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"110\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"110\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"40\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"kb1rfm1\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"transparent\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"z69c69o\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>Imaginemos, por un momento, qu\u00e9 habr\u00eda opinado del reguet\u00f3n\u2026\u00a0<\/p><p>Dentro de esos comportamientos censurables, Plat\u00f3n cargaba las tintas especialmente contra los tonos que promov\u00edan el llanto, ya que provocaban preocupantes alteraciones emocionales, que no resultaban adecuadas. Los lamentos musicales fueron vistos de manera muy negativa durante la Antig\u00fcedad cl\u00e1sica y, para sorpresa de nadie, esta negatividad se relacionaba con lo \u00abfemenino\u00bb. Como explica <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/authors\/274376\/ted-gioia\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Ted Gioia<\/span><\/a>, en diferentes rituales los c\u00e1nticos lastimeros se consideraban una especialidad de las mujeres, que canalizaban y expon\u00edan a trav\u00e9s de ellos una serie de sentimientos vetados por las convenciones sociales y que, desde luego, no deb\u00edan mostrarse en p\u00fablico.\u00a0<\/p><p>Un prejuicio de estas caracter\u00edsticas no es una cuesti\u00f3n menor. No se trata de un comentario aislado de un oscuro personaje hist\u00f3rico, perdido en medio de un texto poco conocido. La influencia plat\u00f3nica en la historia de Occidente es larga y profunda, lo que provocar\u00e1 que esta censura musical, le\u00edda y rele\u00edda en diferentes \u00e9pocas, se mantenga vigente durante siglos. Seguro que Plat\u00f3n no era la \u00fanica persona importante de su \u00e9poca que pensaba de este modo, pero su voz tuvo una influencia muy superior a la de cualquier otra.\u00a0<\/p><p>Tiempo despu\u00e9s, el ret\u00f3rico hispano-romano Quintiliano anhelaba tiempos pasados, en los que supuestamente se interpretaba una m\u00fasica m\u00e1s viril, frente a la de su propia \u00e9poca, que consideraba lasciva y afeminada. Abonado a este mismo pensamiento, que bien podr\u00eda parapetarse bajo el lema <em>Make Roman Music Great Again<\/em>, Cicer\u00f3n \u2014que nunca destac\u00f3 por ser el tipo m\u00e1s divertido del foro\u2014 critic\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n los excesos en la m\u00fasica y el canto, pues consideraba que afeminaba al hombre y debilitaba el car\u00e1cter c\u00edvico; demasiada afici\u00f3n a la m\u00fasica destru\u00eda la dignidad del ciudadano. Dada la inmensa influencia de la cultura cl\u00e1sica en el sustrato cultural occidental, todos estos clich\u00e9s se mantuvieron vigentes en la m\u00fasica europea hasta bien entrada la <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/172779-libros-de-la-edad-media\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Edad Media<\/span><\/a>, cuando, como hemos visto, las grandes innovaciones del canto polif\u00f3nico dibujaron un nuevo panorama en el que el lamento musical resultaba m\u00e1s aceptable.\u00a0<\/p><p>Antes de que le pongamos la cruz a Plat\u00f3n como un se\u00f1or anticuado y retr\u00f3grado, es necesario que entendamos que su perspectiva era la de alguien preocupado por la pol\u00edtica p\u00fablica y las repercusiones directas que el arte provocaba en la sociedad. Por ese motivo, nunca destac\u00f3 como un gran defensor de la libertad creativa, en ninguna de las artes, sino que se decantaba, al menos p\u00fablicamente, por el seguimiento de un canon ordenado. Es posible que este tipo de visi\u00f3n art\u00edstica, en la que se separan una serie de obras como dignas de m\u00e9rito, alabanza y estudio para que funcionen como modelo a imitar, te suene m\u00e1s.\u00a0<\/p><p>Como el arte de los sonidos provoca unas reacciones sensoriales y emocionales mayores y m\u00e1s intensas que el resto de las disciplinas creativas, Plat\u00f3n vinculaba la m\u00fasica con su idea de estado, con conceptos como el equilibrio, el orden y la justicia. Por ello propon\u00eda una regulaci\u00f3n estricta de la misma, que contribuyese a una armon\u00eda social frente a la amenaza del caos y la anarqu\u00eda, representada por ciertos tonos y ritmos indeseables.\u00a0<\/p><p>En nuestra \u00e9poca, como ya hemos visto, gozamos de un gran acceso a la m\u00fasica, y quiz\u00e1s por ello miramos con cierta indulgencia este tipo de expresiones del pasado. Pero una lectura retrospectiva de los cap\u00edtulos anteriores de este libro pone de manifiesto dos cosas: en primer lugar, que Plat\u00f3n no estaba ni mucho menos equivocado con respecto a la capacidad de influencia del arte de los sonidos en el ser humano; en segundo lugar, que sobran los momentos hist\u00f3ricos en los que otras personas pensaron como \u00e9l y obraron en consecuencia. Recordemos la industria discogr\u00e1fica que suavizaba las innovaciones del jazz porque las consideraba indecorosas para la audiencia mayoritaria a la que se dirig\u00eda; la misma industria que acepta las innovaciones musicales solo en p\u00edldoras f\u00e1cilmente asimilables. En \u00faltimo t\u00e9rmino, el propio concepto de m\u00fasica cl\u00e1sica, donde un pante\u00f3n de h\u00e9roes de hace siglos, elevados a los altares, ve c\u00f3mo sus obras son interpretadas de manera casi religiosa, como expresi\u00f3n de que la civilizaci\u00f3n occidental se mantiene, no est\u00e1 muy alejado de la visi\u00f3n plat\u00f3nica y podemos considerarlo su consecuencia \u00faltima.\u00a0<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"6220sfq\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"qmz5uj9\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"transparent\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"yfk2kna\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_image\":\"\",\"image\":{\"url\":\"\/es\/img\/cms\/LENGUA\/platon-INTERIOR-2.webp\",\"id\":1},\"align\":\"center\",\"align_tablet\":\"center\",\"align_mobile\":\"center\",\"caption\":\"Dale, T\u00f3n, dale. Cr\u00e9dito: Suso Merlo.\",\"link_to\":\"none\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":\"\",\"url\":\"\"},\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_style_image\":\"\",\"space\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1},\"hover_animation\":\"\",\"image_border_border\":\"\",\"image_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_border_color\":\"\",\"image_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"tcjpwlf\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: right;\\\">Dale,<em> T\u00f3n,<\/em> dale. Cr\u00e9dito: Suso Merlo.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"\",\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"2\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"a6w7s9i\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"110\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"110\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"6dehv6p\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"2ycexnn\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>La prueba de que Plat\u00f3n no estaba tan equivocado es que pocos a\u00f1os antes que \u00e9l, pero a miles de kil\u00f3metros de distancia, <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/8493--confucio\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Confucio<\/span><\/a> pensaba de una manera sorprendentemente parecida. En las <em>Analectas<\/em>, se\u00f1ala ciertas m\u00fasicas como lascivas y corruptoras y concluye que no deben ser tocadas porque la m\u00fasica juega un papel esencial en la formaci\u00f3n moral del individuo y en la armon\u00eda social. Criticaba expresamente los ritmos agresivos y aquellas melod\u00edas excesivamente emocionales, porque consideraba, como luego lo har\u00eda Plat\u00f3n, que desestabilizaban las pasiones y fomentaban el desorden.\u00a0<\/p><p>Por contraposici\u00f3n, Confucio abogaba por la m\u00fasica <em>yayue<\/em>, que significa literalmente \u00abm\u00fasica refinada\u00bb. Este g\u00e9nero musical, solemne y pausado, era utilizado en la corte imperial y en los rituales de los templos y acompa\u00f1aba los sacrificios religiosos y los banquetes de estado. Su estilo era sobrio, su cadencia era lenta e induc\u00eda a un estado de calma y reflexi\u00f3n. La danza que acompa\u00f1aba a este tipo de m\u00fasica estaba estrictamente codificada, de modo que el conjunto no buscaba un ligero entretenimiento, sino la elevaci\u00f3n del esp\u00edritu. Una suerte de \u00abm\u00fasica cl\u00e1sica\u00bb, pero muchos siglos antes de que, en otro continente, este concepto viese la luz.\u00a0<\/p><p>A pesar de la distancia geogr\u00e1fica entre ambos, Confucio y Plat\u00f3n coincid\u00edan en las l\u00edneas maestras de su pensamiento musical por id\u00e9nticas razones de orden \u00e9tico y social. Ambos se encontraron con un panorama previo relativamente carente de reglas aplicables a la pr\u00e1ctica de los sonidos y ambos produjeron una doctrina escrita y perfectamente estructurada al respecto, con una inmensa capacidad de influencia.\u00a0<\/p><p>Que estos dos gigantes del pensamiento, quiz\u00e1s las dos mentes m\u00e1s influyentes de la historia como gu\u00edas del comportamiento humano, viesen la m\u00fasica en t\u00e9rminos tan parecidos ha tenido una repercusi\u00f3n que no vemos f\u00e1cilmente, porque est\u00e1 por todas partes y hemos crecido con ella.\u00a0<\/p><p>Su af\u00e1n regulador tambi\u00e9n es fruto de un tiempo concreto en el que los avances musicales se hab\u00edan revolucionado. Como hemos comprobado hasta ahora en este libro, el acelerador de la historia musical a veces se pisa hasta el fondo y, en semejantes contextos de cambio, surgen voces que reclaman la preservaci\u00f3n de cierto orden. Tanto Plat\u00f3n como Confucio vivieron c\u00f3mo la m\u00fasica de sus respectivas culturas experimentaba grandes innovaciones, que ellos contribuyeron a codificar.\u00a0<\/p><p>No sabemos en qu\u00e9 momento exacto naci\u00f3 la m\u00fasica, un hallazgo an\u00f3nimo de importancia capital para nuestra especie, del que hablaremos en un par de cap\u00edtulos. Pero la obra de estos fil\u00f3sofos nos se\u00f1ala cu\u00e1ndo fue lo bastante relevante como para considerarla un riesgo social. Esto no habr\u00eda ocurrido sin ciertos avances, asociados a una verdadera revoluci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica, que dieron lugar a la m\u00fasica tal y como la conocemos.\u00a0<\/p><p>Sin ellos, como veremos a continuaci\u00f3n, la <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libro-de-arte-cine-y-musica\/409946-ebook-otra-historia-de-la-musica-el-barroquista-9788466679619\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">obra de <\/a><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><\/span><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libro-de-arte-cine-y-musica\/409946-ebook-otra-historia-de-la-musica-el-barroquista-9788466679619\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Bach<\/span><\/a> ser\u00eda un imposible y, como ella, pr\u00e1cticamente toda la arquitectura de la m\u00fasica mundial habr\u00eda sido muy diferente.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"i8s86o1\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/musica\/rosalia-raul-refree-los-angeles\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">El d\u00eda en que Rosal\u00eda y Ra\u00fcl Refree llamaron a la puerta de \u00abLos \u00c1ngeles\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/musica\/manolo-diaz-julio-iglesias-mick-jagger-bianca-jagger\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">\u00ab\u00bfTe imaginas que entra tu marido por la puerta?\u00bb: de cuando Julio Iglesias \u00abse enred\u00f3\u00bb con Mick y Bianca Jagger<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/musica\/los-beatles-en-la-espana-de-franco-fidel-moreno\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">\u00abTwist and Shout\u00bb\u2026 y ol\u00e9: los Beatles en la Espa\u00f1a de Franco<\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/musica\/paco-de-lucia-cesar-suarez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Paco de Luc\u00eda: de qu\u00e9 hablo cuando hablo de la guitarra<\/a><\/span><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"solid\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"ci5kkag\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"full_width\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"double\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"4\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"border_color\":\"#d6e4e4\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"45\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"60\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"dqcbqlh\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"transparent\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"rcl0sgk\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_title\":\"\",\"title\":\"Libros de Miguel \u00c1ngel Cajigal Vera\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":true,\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/175026-miguel-angel-cajigal-vera\"},\"size\":\"default\",\"header_size\":\"h2\",\"header_style\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_title_style\":\"\",\"title_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":24},\"typography_font_family\":\"\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":24},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"Vollkorn\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"atag81r\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_pswidget_options\":\"\",\"product_source\":\"xx\",\"search_type_select\":1,\"tematicas_ids\":null,\"autores_ids\":null,\"editoriales_ids\":\"\",\"caracteristicas_ids\":\"\",\"days_range\":\"30\",\"products_limit\":\"20\",\"order_by\":\"tiraje\",\"second_order_by\":\"price\",\"order_way\":\"desc\",\"products_caracteristicas_ids\":[\"409946\",\"323820\",\"255201\"],\"view\":\"carousel\",\"slides_to_show\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_tablet\":\"2\",\"slides_to_show_mobile\":\"1\",\"items_per_column\":\"1\",\"navigation\":\"both\",\"autoplay\":\"yes\",\"infinite\":\"yes\",\"section_style_navigation\":\"\",\"arrows_position\":\"middle\",\"arrows_position_top\":\"-20\",\"arrows_color\":\"\",\"arrows_bg_color\":\"\",\"dots_color\":\"\",\"section_style_product\":\"\",\"product_bg_color\":\"\",\"product_text_color\":\"\",\"product_price_color\":\"\",\"product_stars_color\":\"\",\"product_border_border\":\"\",\"product_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"product_border_color\":\"\",\"product_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"product_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_style_product_h\":\"\",\"product_bg_color_h\":\"\",\"product_overlay_h\":\"\",\"product_text_color_h\":\"\",\"product_price_color_h\":\"\",\"product_stars_color_h\":\"\",\"border_h\":\"\",\"product_box_shadow_h_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"product_box_shadow_h_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"45\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"slider-libros-blog arrow-exterior no-description no-shadow\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\",\"editoriales_in_not\":\"IN\",\"formato\":\"0\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"prestashop-widget-ProductsListNew\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"5g0d8tn\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"double\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"4\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"border_color\":\"#d6e4e4\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"15\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"40\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"30\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":false},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"2506u8o\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"transparent\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"r376nq5\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":true,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height_inner\":\"default\",\"custom_height_inner\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_section\":\"\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"\",\"background_overlay_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_overlay_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_overlay_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_overlay_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_overlay_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_position\":\"\",\"background_overlay_attachment\":\"\",\"background_overlay_repeat\":\"\",\"background_overlay_size\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_link\":\"\",\"background_overlay_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":0.5},\"section_border\":\"\",\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":false},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"53\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"53\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"reverse_order_mobile\":\"\",\"heading_visibility\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"nc6iedj\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"isInner\":true,\"settings\":{\"_inline_size\":null,\"_column_size\":100,\"section_style\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"transparent\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center center\",\"background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"background_position\":\"\",\"background_attachment\":\"\",\"background_repeat\":\"\",\"background_size\":\"\",\"background_video_link\":\"\",\"background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"border_border\":\"\",\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"border_color\":\"\",\"border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_typo\":\"\",\"heading_color\":\"\",\"color_text\":\"\",\"color_link\":\"\",\"color_link_hover\":\"\",\"text_align\":\"\",\"section_advanced\":\"\",\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"css_classes\":\"\",\"section_responsive\":\"\",\"screen_sm\":\"default\",\"screen_sm_width\":\"100\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"l6jeey4\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_title\":\"\",\"title\":\"M\u00e1s LENGUA\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":true,\"url\":\"www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\"},\"size\":\"default\",\"header_size\":\"h2\",\"header_style\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_title_style\":\"\",\"title_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":24},\"typography_font_family\":\"\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":24},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"Vollkorn\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"tui8m8f\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_pswidget_options\":\"\",\"posts_source\":\"lp\",\"select_producto\":\"\",\"select_tematica\":\"\",\"select_autor\":\"\",\"select_sello\":\"\",\"posts_limit\":\"3\",\"view\":\"blog-adultos-listado-general\",\"slides_to_show\":\"6\",\"slides_to_show_tablet\":\"6\",\"slides_to_show_mobile\":\"6\",\"slides_to_show_g\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g1\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g1_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g1_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g2\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g2_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g2_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g3\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g3_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g3_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g4\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g4_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g4_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g5\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g5_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_g5_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultosprincipal\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultosprincipal_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultosprincipal_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultosmasleidos\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultosmasleidos_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultosmasleidos_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultoslistadogeneral\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultoslistadogeneral_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogadultoslistadogeneral_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsprincipal\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsprincipal_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsprincipal_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblog-kids-destacados\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblog-kids-destacados_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblog-kids-destacados_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsmasleidos\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsmasleidos_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsmasleidos_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsarticulodestacado\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsarticulodestacado_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsarticulodestacado_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsfavoritosdelmes\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsfavoritosdelmes_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogkidsfavoritosdelmes_mobile\":\"3\",\"navigation\":\"both\",\"pause_on_hover\":\"yes\",\"autoplay\":\"yes\",\"autoplay_speed\":5000,\"infinite\":\"yes\",\"section_style_navigation\":\"\",\"arrows_color\":\"\",\"arrows_bg_color\":\"\",\"dots_color\":\"\",\"section_style_post\":\"\",\"post_margin\":{\"unit\":\"rem\",\"size\":1},\"post_padding\":{\"unit\":\"rem\",\"size\":0},\"post_bg_color\":\"\",\"post_title_color\":\"\",\"post_text_color\":\"\",\"post_border_border\":\"\",\"post_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"post_border_color\":\"\",\"post_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"post_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"section_style_post_h\":\"\",\"post_bg_color_h\":\"\",\"post_title_color_h\":\"\",\"post_text_color_h\":\"\",\"border_h\":\"\",\"product_box_shadow_h_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"product_box_shadow_h_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"no-leer-mas\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\",\"revista\":\"1\",\"pageType\":\"blog\",\"pageId\":102,\"posts_ids\":[\"223\",\"236\",\"201\"],\"posts_offset\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_grecomendadosportada\":\"1\",\"slides_to_show_grecomendadosportada_tablet\":\"1\",\"slides_to_show_grecomendadosportada_mobile\":\"1\",\"slides_to_show_grecomendadostriple\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_grecomendadostriple_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_grecomendadostriple_mobile\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogrecomendadoslistadogeneral\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogrecomendadoslistadogeneral_tablet\":\"3\",\"slides_to_show_gblogrecomendadoslistadogeneral_mobile\":\"3\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"prestashop-widget-Blog\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}]","link_rewrite":"otra-historia-de-la-musica-platon-contra-el-regueton-el-barroquista","video_code":"","external_url":"","reading_time":"10 minutos","accesible":"1","indexation":"1","date_add":"2025-11-19 08:05:34","date_upd":"2025-11-05 12:11:20","featured_image":"\/mx\/modules\/ph_simpleblog\/featured\/3363.jpg","banner":"\/mx\/modules\/ph_simpleblog\/covers\/3363.jpg","tags":[],"post_type":"post","category_url":"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/mx\/revista-lengua\/musica","parent_category":{"id":38,"id_shop":"15","id_simpleblog_category":"38","name":"Art\u00edculos","description":"<p>Autores, libros, cine y series, c\u00f3mics...<\/p>","link_rewrite":"articulos","meta_title":"","meta_keywords":"","meta_description":"","date_add":"2021-01-04 17:57:01","date_upd":"2026-01-26 11:17:12","cover":"","position":"2","image":null,"id_parent":"0","active":"1","revista":"1","content":"","id_shop_list":[],"force_id":false,"tags":[]},"category":"M\u00fasica","revista":"1","id_shop_list":[],"force_id":false,"category_rewrite":"musica","url":"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/mx\/revista-lengua\/musica\/otra-historia-de-la-musica-platon-contra-el-regueton-el-barroquista","banner_thumb":"\/mx\/modules\/ph_simpleblog\/covers\/3363-thumb.jpg","banner_wide":"\/mx\/modules\/ph_simpleblog\/covers\/3363-wide.jpg","comments":"0"}
10 minutos

Por  Miguel Ángel Cajigal Vera

Platón feat. Daddy Yankee. Crédito: Suso Merlo.

Platón feat. Daddy Yankee. Crédito: Suso Merlo.

Suscríbete a la newsletter de Revista LENGUA

El filósofo ateniense Platón es, sin ninguna duda, una de las figuras más relevantes de la historia. Discípulo de Sócrates y maestro de Aristóteles, su pensamiento empapa toda la historia de Occidente y ha sido materia de estudio durante siglos. Como expresión de sus conceptos, concibió algunas de las metáforas más transmitidas de todos los tiempos, como el mito de la caverna, y desarrolló un sistema filosófico que ha influido en la humanidad durante más de dos mil años. 

Y, además de todo eso, Platón era el típico señor cascarrabias que odia la música moderna. 

Es posible que esta parte de la biografía del famoso filósofo no te suene demasiado, porque en la escuela le damos muy poca importancia a la formación musical en general y, en particular, cualquier conexión del arte sonoro con otras disciplinas académicas es prácticamente invisible en el currículo educativo. Pero este pensamiento suyo no es una simple anécdota. Entre los muchos autores del pasado que eran conscientes de la importancia de la música para el ser humano, Platón seguramente destaca por la trascendencia e influencia de su pensamiento, que, como veremos, todavía está muy vigente en la actualidad. 

Para ser honestos, lo cierto es que la postura platónica hacia la música resulta ambigua e incluso, en ocasiones, parece contradictoria, si la evaluamos a la luz de los textos que se han conservado. En algunos pasajes, alarmado por la enorme influencia que determinados tonos musicales tienen sobre las emociones humanas, coquetea incluso con la idea de la prohibición de toda la música, mientras que en otros momentos reconoce los importantes valores que las canciones y la danza transmiten en la educación de la infancia. Lo que realmente le preocupaba es lo que podríamos llamar, con una expresión ciertamente melodramática, «el poder de la música». Que no es otra cosa que el bien conocido fenómeno que experimentamos cuando, tras una mala jornada de trabajo, nos ponemos un tema que nos levanta el ánimo, o, después de una ruptura sentimental, nos encerramos con esas canciones que siempre nos mueven al llanto. 

Ese poco interés hacia la música en la escuela actual que he mencionado resulta especialmente llamativo si consideramos la gran preocupación que ha despertado a lo largo de la historia la repercusión de este arte en la educación de las personas. El propio Platón consideraba digna de elogio, y por tanto adecuada para la juventud, la música que sostenía aquellos valores asociados al civismo y que fomentaba el orden social establecido. Por el contrario, en el otro plato de la balanza colocaba las canciones que a través de sus armonías y ritmos fomentaban emociones turbulentas e incitaban a las personas a un comportamiento indecoroso. 

  • ¡En oferta!
  • -5%

Otra historia de la música (El Barroquista)

El Barroquista cierra su trilogía cultural Otra historia con la esperada OTRA HISTORIA DE LA MÚSICA .
Ver más
Formatos disponibles
8,54 €
8,99 € (IVA Incl.)

Opciones de compra

Imaginemos, por un momento, qué habría opinado del reguetón… 

Dentro de esos comportamientos censurables, Platón cargaba las tintas especialmente contra los tonos que promovían el llanto, ya que provocaban preocupantes alteraciones emocionales, que no resultaban adecuadas. Los lamentos musicales fueron vistos de manera muy negativa durante la Antigüedad clásica y, para sorpresa de nadie, esta negatividad se relacionaba con lo «femenino». Como explica Ted Gioia, en diferentes rituales los cánticos lastimeros se consideraban una especialidad de las mujeres, que canalizaban y exponían a través de ellos una serie de sentimientos vetados por las convenciones sociales y que, desde luego, no debían mostrarse en público. 

Un prejuicio de estas características no es una cuestión menor. No se trata de un comentario aislado de un oscuro personaje histórico, perdido en medio de un texto poco conocido. La influencia platónica en la historia de Occidente es larga y profunda, lo que provocará que esta censura musical, leída y releída en diferentes épocas, se mantenga vigente durante siglos. Seguro que Platón no era la única persona importante de su época que pensaba de este modo, pero su voz tuvo una influencia muy superior a la de cualquier otra. 

Tiempo después, el retórico hispano-romano Quintiliano anhelaba tiempos pasados, en los que supuestamente se interpretaba una música más viril, frente a la de su propia época, que consideraba lasciva y afeminada. Abonado a este mismo pensamiento, que bien podría parapetarse bajo el lema Make Roman Music Great Again, Cicerón —que nunca destacó por ser el tipo más divertido del foro— criticó también los excesos en la música y el canto, pues consideraba que afeminaba al hombre y debilitaba el carácter cívico; demasiada afición a la música destruía la dignidad del ciudadano. Dada la inmensa influencia de la cultura clásica en el sustrato cultural occidental, todos estos clichés se mantuvieron vigentes en la música europea hasta bien entrada la Edad Media, cuando, como hemos visto, las grandes innovaciones del canto polifónico dibujaron un nuevo panorama en el que el lamento musical resultaba más aceptable. 

Antes de que le pongamos la cruz a Platón como un señor anticuado y retrógrado, es necesario que entendamos que su perspectiva era la de alguien preocupado por la política pública y las repercusiones directas que el arte provocaba en la sociedad. Por ese motivo, nunca destacó como un gran defensor de la libertad creativa, en ninguna de las artes, sino que se decantaba, al menos públicamente, por el seguimiento de un canon ordenado. Es posible que este tipo de visión artística, en la que se separan una serie de obras como dignas de mérito, alabanza y estudio para que funcionen como modelo a imitar, te suene más. 

Como el arte de los sonidos provoca unas reacciones sensoriales y emocionales mayores y más intensas que el resto de las disciplinas creativas, Platón vinculaba la música con su idea de estado, con conceptos como el equilibrio, el orden y la justicia. Por ello proponía una regulación estricta de la misma, que contribuyese a una armonía social frente a la amenaza del caos y la anarquía, representada por ciertos tonos y ritmos indeseables. 

En nuestra época, como ya hemos visto, gozamos de un gran acceso a la música, y quizás por ello miramos con cierta indulgencia este tipo de expresiones del pasado. Pero una lectura retrospectiva de los capítulos anteriores de este libro pone de manifiesto dos cosas: en primer lugar, que Platón no estaba ni mucho menos equivocado con respecto a la capacidad de influencia del arte de los sonidos en el ser humano; en segundo lugar, que sobran los momentos históricos en los que otras personas pensaron como él y obraron en consecuencia. Recordemos la industria discográfica que suavizaba las innovaciones del jazz porque las consideraba indecorosas para la audiencia mayoritaria a la que se dirigía; la misma industria que acepta las innovaciones musicales solo en píldoras fácilmente asimilables. En último término, el propio concepto de música clásica, donde un panteón de héroes de hace siglos, elevados a los altares, ve cómo sus obras son interpretadas de manera casi religiosa, como expresión de que la civilización occidental se mantiene, no está muy alejado de la visión platónica y podemos considerarlo su consecuencia última. 

Dale, Tón, dale. Crédito: Suso Merlo.

Dale, Tón, dale. Crédito: Suso Merlo.

La prueba de que Platón no estaba tan equivocado es que pocos años antes que él, pero a miles de kilómetros de distancia, Confucio pensaba de una manera sorprendentemente parecida. En las Analectas, señala ciertas músicas como lascivas y corruptoras y concluye que no deben ser tocadas porque la música juega un papel esencial en la formación moral del individuo y en la armonía social. Criticaba expresamente los ritmos agresivos y aquellas melodías excesivamente emocionales, porque consideraba, como luego lo haría Platón, que desestabilizaban las pasiones y fomentaban el desorden. 

Por contraposición, Confucio abogaba por la música yayue, que significa literalmente «música refinada». Este género musical, solemne y pausado, era utilizado en la corte imperial y en los rituales de los templos y acompañaba los sacrificios religiosos y los banquetes de estado. Su estilo era sobrio, su cadencia era lenta e inducía a un estado de calma y reflexión. La danza que acompañaba a este tipo de música estaba estrictamente codificada, de modo que el conjunto no buscaba un ligero entretenimiento, sino la elevación del espíritu. Una suerte de «música clásica», pero muchos siglos antes de que, en otro continente, este concepto viese la luz. 

A pesar de la distancia geográfica entre ambos, Confucio y Platón coincidían en las líneas maestras de su pensamiento musical por idénticas razones de orden ético y social. Ambos se encontraron con un panorama previo relativamente carente de reglas aplicables a la práctica de los sonidos y ambos produjeron una doctrina escrita y perfectamente estructurada al respecto, con una inmensa capacidad de influencia. 

Que estos dos gigantes del pensamiento, quizás las dos mentes más influyentes de la historia como guías del comportamiento humano, viesen la música en términos tan parecidos ha tenido una repercusión que no vemos fácilmente, porque está por todas partes y hemos crecido con ella. 

Su afán regulador también es fruto de un tiempo concreto en el que los avances musicales se habían revolucionado. Como hemos comprobado hasta ahora en este libro, el acelerador de la historia musical a veces se pisa hasta el fondo y, en semejantes contextos de cambio, surgen voces que reclaman la preservación de cierto orden. Tanto Platón como Confucio vivieron cómo la música de sus respectivas culturas experimentaba grandes innovaciones, que ellos contribuyeron a codificar. 

No sabemos en qué momento exacto nació la música, un hallazgo anónimo de importancia capital para nuestra especie, del que hablaremos en un par de capítulos. Pero la obra de estos filósofos nos señala cuándo fue lo bastante relevante como para considerarla un riesgo social. Esto no habría ocurrido sin ciertos avances, asociados a una verdadera revolución científica, que dieron lugar a la música tal y como la conocemos. 

Sin ellos, como veremos a continuación, la obra de Bach sería un imposible y, como ella, prácticamente toda la arquitectura de la música mundial habría sido muy diferente.

OTROS CONTENIDOS DE INTERÉS:

El día en que Rosalía y Raül Refree llamaron a la puerta de «Los Ángeles»

«¿Te imaginas que entra tu marido por la puerta?»: de cuando Julio Iglesias «se enredó» con Mick y Bianca Jagger

«Twist and Shout»… y olé: los Beatles en la España de Franco

Paco de Lucía: de qué hablo cuando hablo de la guitarra

Libros de Miguel Ángel Cajigal Vera

Más LENGUA

¿Y si nuestros miedos no fueran del todo nuestros?
No ficción
¿Y si nuestros miedos no fueran del todo nuestros?
Evelyne Bissone Jeufroy 10 minutos
Daniel Verdú: «El personaje que Mar de Marchis creó para sí misma es el símbolo de una época: aquella en la que la noción de verdad comenzó a desintegrarse»
Entrevistas
Daniel Verdú: «El personaje que Mar de Marchis creó para sí misma es el símbolo de una época: aquella en la que la noción de verdad comenzó a desintegrarse»
Carmen Cocina 15 minutos
Marta Jiménez Serrano: «Un libro es para un lector, así que siempre necesito sus comentarios antes, no ya de publicarlos, sino de terminarlos»
El escritorio de...
Marta Jiménez Serrano: «Un libro es para un lector, así que siempre necesito sus comentarios antes, no ya de publicarlos, sino de terminarlos»
Jeosm 5 minutos
Leer más

Related products

Añadido a tu lista de deseos