Gabriel García Márquez

Julio Cortázar por Gabriel García Márquez: el argentino que se hizo querer de todos

La publicación de «Rayuela» en 1963 fue una verdadera revolución para la literatura en castellano. Y fue, además, el verdadero prólogo del «boom» latinoamericano. Casi sesenta años después, esa novela que proponía con gracia, lirismo y experimentación una manera única de ser leída, sigue siendo año tras año una de las más leídas de la lengua. Este texto de Gabriel García Márquez (publicado por primera vez en 1984 por la muerte de su amigo argentino, leído por el mismo García Márquez en el Coloquio 2004 de la Cátedra Julio Cortázar e incluido en la edición conmemorativa de la RAE) es su homenaje y a la vez una amorosa exploración del misterio que parecía irradiar Cortázar: el de la devoción. 

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style=\\\"text-align: right;\\\">Julio Cort\u00e1zar en su casa de Par\u00eds el 27 de noviembre de 1978. Cr\u00e9dito: Getty 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style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/gabriel-garcia-marquez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">GABRIEL GARC\u00cdA M\u00c1RQUEZ<\/a><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.upf.edu\/es\/web\/humanitats\/entry\/-\/-\/15900\/404\/miquel-berga\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><br \/><br \/><br 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a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s vi a\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/512-julio-cortazar\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Julio Cort\u00e1zar<\/a><\/span> enfrentado a una muchedumbre en un parque de Managua, sin m\u00e1s armas que su voz hermosa y un cuento suyo de los m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles: <strong>\u00abLa noche de Mantequilla\u00bb.<\/strong> Es la historia de un boxeador en desgracia contada por \u00e9l mismo en lunfardo, el dialecto de los bajos fondos de Buenos Aires, cuya comprensi\u00f3n nos estar\u00eda vetada por completo al resto de los mortales si no la hubi\u00e9ramos vislumbrado a trav\u00e9s de tanto tango malevo; sin embargo, fue ese el cuento que el propio Cort\u00e1zar escog\u00eda para leerlo en una tarima frente a la muchedumbre de un vasto jard\u00edn iluminado, entre la cual hab\u00eda de todo, desde poetas consagrados y alba\u00f1iles cesantes hasta comandantes de la revoluci\u00f3n y sus contrarios. <strong>Fue otra experiencia deslumbrante.<\/strong> Aunque en rigor no era f\u00e1cil seguir el sentido del relato, aun para los m\u00e1s entrenados en la jerga lunfarda, uno sent\u00eda y le dol\u00edan los golpes que recib\u00eda Mantequilla N\u00e1poles en la soledad del cuadril\u00e1tero, y daban ganas de llorar por sus ilusiones y su miseria, pues Cort\u00e1zar hab\u00eda logrado una comunicaci\u00f3n tan entra\u00f1able con su auditorio que ya no le importaba a nadie lo que quer\u00edan decir o no decir las palabras, <strong>sino que la muchedumbre sentada en la hierba parec\u00eda levitar en estado de gracia por el hechizo de una voz que no parec\u00eda de este 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dos recuerdos de Cort\u00e1zar que tanto me afectaron me parecen tambi\u00e9n los que mejor lo defin\u00edan. Eran los dos extremos de su personalidad. <strong>En privado, como en el tren de Praga, lograba seducir por su elocuencia,<\/strong> por su erudici\u00f3n viva, por su memoria milim\u00e9trica, por su humor peligroso, por todo lo que hizo de \u00e9l un intelectual de los grandes en el buen sentido de otros tiempos. <strong>En p\u00fablico, a pesar de su reticencia a convertirse en un espect\u00e1culo, fascinaba al auditorio con una presencia ineludible que ten\u00eda algo de sobrenatural,<\/strong> al mismo tiempo tierna y extra\u00f1a. En ambos casos fue el ser humano m\u00e1s impresionante que he tenido la suerte de conocer.<\/p><p>Desde el primer momento, a fines del oto\u00f1o triste de 1956, en un caf\u00e9 de Par\u00eds con nombre ingl\u00e9s, adonde \u00e9l sol\u00eda ir de vez en cuando a escribir en una mesa del rinc\u00f3n, como <strong>Jean-Paul Sartre<\/strong> lo hac\u00eda a trescientos metros de all\u00ed, en un cuaderno de escolar y con una pluma fuente de tinta leg\u00edtima que manchaba los dedos. Yo hab\u00eda le\u00eddo <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/33493-bestiario-9788466331845\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><em><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Bestiario<\/span>,<\/em><\/a> su primer libro de cuentos, en un hotel de lance de Barranquilla donde dorm\u00eda por un peso con cincuenta centavos, entre peloteros mal pagados y putas felices, y <strong>desde la primera p\u00e1gina me di cuenta de que aquel era un escritor como el que yo hubiera querido ser cuando fuera grande.<\/strong> Alguien me dijo en Par\u00eds que \u00e9l escrib\u00eda en el caf\u00e9 Old Navy, del Boulevard Saint-Germain, y all\u00ed lo esper\u00e9 varias semanas, hasta que lo vi entrar como una aparici\u00f3n. Era el hombre m\u00e1s alto que se pod\u00eda imaginar, con una cara de ni\u00f1o perverso dentro de un interminable abrigo negro que m\u00e1s bien parec\u00eda la sotana de un viudo, y ten\u00eda los ojos muy separados, como los de un novillo, y tan oblicuos y di\u00e1fanos que habr\u00edan podido ser los del diablo si no hubieran estado sometidos al dominio del coraz\u00f3n.<\/p><p>A\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, cuando ya \u00e9ramos amigos, cre\u00ed volver a verlo como lo vi aquel d\u00eda, pues me parece que se recre\u00f3 a s\u00ed mismo en uno de sus cuentos mejor acabados \u2014\u00abEl otro cielo\u00bb\u2014, en\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/escritoras-latinoamericanas\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">el personaje de un latinoamericano sin nombre<\/a><\/span> que asist\u00eda de puro curioso a las ejecuciones en la guillotina. Como si lo hubiera hecho frente a un espejo, Cort\u00e1zar lo describi\u00f3 as\u00ed: <strong>\u00abTen\u00eda una expresi\u00f3n distante y a la vez curiosamente fija, la cara de alguien que se ha inmovilizado en un momento de su sue\u00f1o y reh\u00fasa dar el paso que lo devolver\u00e1 a la vigilia\u00bb.<\/strong> Su personaje andaba envuelto en una hopalanda negra y larga, como el abrigo del propio Cort\u00e1zar cuando lo vi por primera vez, pero el narrador no se atrev\u00eda a acerc\u00e1rsele para preguntarle su origen, por temor a la fr\u00eda c\u00f3lera con que \u00e9l mismo hubiera recibido una interpelaci\u00f3n semejante. Lo raro es que yo tampoco me hab\u00eda atrevido a acercarme a Cort\u00e1zar aquella tarde del Old Navy, y por el mismo temor. Lo vi escribir durante m\u00e1s de una hora, sin una pausa para pensar, sin tomar nada m\u00e1s que medio vaso de agua mineral, hasta que empez\u00f3 a oscurecer en la calle y guard\u00f3 la pluma en el bolsillo y sali\u00f3 con el cuaderno debajo del brazo como el escolar m\u00e1s alto y m\u00e1s flaco del mundo. En las muchas veces que nos vimos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, lo \u00fanico que hab\u00eda cambiado en \u00e9l era la barba densa y oscura, pues hasta hace apenas dos semanas <strong>parec\u00eda cierta la leyenda de que era inmortal, porque nunca hab\u00eda dejado de crecer y se mantuvo siempre en la misma edad con que hab\u00eda nacido.<\/strong> Nunca me atrev\u00ed a preguntarle si era verdad, como tampoco le cont\u00e9 que en el oto\u00f1o triste de 1956 lo hab\u00eda visto, sin atreverme a decirle nada, en su rinc\u00f3n del Old Navy, y s\u00e9 que dondequiera que est\u00e9 ahora estar\u00e1 ment\u00e1ndome la madre por mi timidez.<\/p><p>Los \u00eddolos infunden respeto, admiraci\u00f3n, cari\u00f1o y, por supuesto, grandes envidias. Cort\u00e1zar inspiraba todos esos sentimientos como muy pocos escritores, pero <strong>inspiraba adem\u00e1s otro menos frecuente: la devoci\u00f3n.<\/strong> Fue, tal vez sin propon\u00e9rselo, el argentino que se hizo querer de todo el mundo. Sin embargo, me atrevo a pensar que si los muertos se mueren, Cort\u00e1zar debe estarse muriendo otra vez de verg\u00fcenza por la consternaci\u00f3n mundial que ha causado su muerte. Nadie le tem\u00eda m\u00e1s que \u00e9l, ni en la vida real ni en los libros, a los honores p\u00f3stumos y a los fastos funerarios. M\u00e1s a\u00fan: siempre pens\u00e9 que la muerte misma le parec\u00eda indecente. En alguna parte de <em>La vuelta al d\u00eda en ochenta mundos<\/em> un grupo de amigos no puede soportar la risa ante la evidencia de que un amigo com\u00fan ha incurrido en la ridiculez de morirse.<strong> Por eso, porque lo conoc\u00ed y lo quise tanto, me resisto a participar en los lamentos y eleg\u00edas por Julio Cort\u00e1zar.<\/strong> Prefiero seguir pensando en \u00e9l como sin duda \u00e9l lo quer\u00eda, con el j\u00fabilo inmenso de que haya existido, con la alegr\u00eda entra\u00f1able de haberlo conocido, y la gratitud de que nos haya dejado para el mundo una obra tal vez inconclusa pero tan bella e indestructible como su recuerdo.<\/p><p style=\\\"text-align: left;\\\"><br \/><br \/><br \/><strong>OTROS CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><ul style=\\\"list-style-type: circle;\\\"><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/gabriel-garcia-marquez\/Gabriel-garcia-marquez-camino-a-macondo\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Camino a Macondo<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/gabriel-garcia-marquez\/Gabriel-Garcia-Marquez-Mario-Vargas-Llosa-Dos-soledades\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Un di\u00e1logo \u00fanico entre Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez y Vargas Llosa: para saber qu\u00e9 es la soledad<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/gabriel-garcia-marquez\/monologo-de-isabel-viendo-llover-en-macondo\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Mon\u00f3logo de Isabel viendo llover en 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10 minutos

Julio Cortázar en su casa de París el 27 de noviembre de 1978. Crédito: Getty Images.

Fui a Praga por última vez hace unos quince años, con Carlos Fuentes y Julio Cortázar. Viajábamos en tren desde París porque los tres éramos solidarios en nuestro miedo al avión, y habíamos hablado de todo mientras atravesábamos la noche dividida de las Alemanias, sus océanos de remolacha, sus inmensas fábricas de todo, sus estragos de guerras atroces y amores desaforados.

A la hora de dormir, a Carlos Fuentes se le ocurrió preguntarle a Cortázar cómo y en qué momento y por iniciativa de quién se había introducido el piano en la orquesta de jazz. La pregunta era casual y no pretendía conocer nada más que una fecha y un nombre, pero la respuesta fue una cátedra deslumbrante que se prolonga hasta el amanecer, entre enormes vasos de cerveza y salchichas de perro con papas heladas. Cortázar, que sabía medir muy bien sus palabras, nos hizo una recomposición histórica y estética con una versación y una sencillez apenas creíbles, que culminó con las primeras luces en una apología homérica de Thelonious Monk. No solo hablaba con una profunda voz de órgano de erres arrastradas, sino también con sus manos de huesos grandes como no recuerdo otras más expresivas. Ni Carlos Fuentes ni yo olvidaríamos jamás el asombro de aquella noche irrepetible.

Doce años después vi a Julio Cortázar enfrentado a una muchedumbre en un parque de Managua, sin más armas que su voz hermosa y un cuento suyo de los más difíciles: «La noche de Mantequilla». Es la historia de un boxeador en desgracia contada por él mismo en lunfardo, el dialecto de los bajos fondos de Buenos Aires, cuya comprensión nos estaría vetada por completo al resto de los mortales si no la hubiéramos vislumbrado a través de tanto tango malevo; sin embargo, fue ese el cuento que el propio Cortázar escogía para leerlo en una tarima frente a la muchedumbre de un vasto jardín iluminado, entre la cual había de todo, desde poetas consagrados y albañiles cesantes hasta comandantes de la revolución y sus contrarios. Fue otra experiencia deslumbrante. Aunque en rigor no era fácil seguir el sentido del relato, aun para los más entrenados en la jerga lunfarda, uno sentía y le dolían los golpes que recibía Mantequilla Nápoles en la soledad del cuadrilátero, y daban ganas de llorar por sus ilusiones y su miseria, pues Cortázar había logrado una comunicación tan entrañable con su auditorio que ya no le importaba a nadie lo que querían decir o no decir las palabras, sino que la muchedumbre sentada en la hierba parecía levitar en estado de gracia por el hechizo de una voz que no parecía de este mundo.

Estos dos recuerdos de Cortázar que tanto me afectaron me parecen también los que mejor lo definían. Eran los dos extremos de su personalidad. En privado, como en el tren de Praga, lograba seducir por su elocuencia, por su erudición viva, por su memoria milimétrica, por su humor peligroso, por todo lo que hizo de él un intelectual de los grandes en el buen sentido de otros tiempos. En público, a pesar de su reticencia a convertirse en un espectáculo, fascinaba al auditorio con una presencia ineludible que tenía algo de sobrenatural, al mismo tiempo tierna y extraña. En ambos casos fue el ser humano más impresionante que he tenido la suerte de conocer.

Desde el primer momento, a fines del otoño triste de 1956, en un café de París con nombre inglés, adonde él solía ir de vez en cuando a escribir en una mesa del rincón, como Jean-Paul Sartre lo hacía a trescientos metros de allí, en un cuaderno de escolar y con una pluma fuente de tinta legítima que manchaba los dedos. Yo había leído Bestiario, su primer libro de cuentos, en un hotel de lance de Barranquilla donde dormía por un peso con cincuenta centavos, entre peloteros mal pagados y putas felices, y desde la primera página me di cuenta de que aquel era un escritor como el que yo hubiera querido ser cuando fuera grande. Alguien me dijo en París que él escribía en el café Old Navy, del Boulevard Saint-Germain, y allí lo esperé varias semanas, hasta que lo vi entrar como una aparición. Era el hombre más alto que se podía imaginar, con una cara de niño perverso dentro de un interminable abrigo negro que más bien parecía la sotana de un viudo, y tenía los ojos muy separados, como los de un novillo, y tan oblicuos y diáfanos que habrían podido ser los del diablo si no hubieran estado sometidos al dominio del corazón.

Años después, cuando ya éramos amigos, creí volver a verlo como lo vi aquel día, pues me parece que se recreó a sí mismo en uno de sus cuentos mejor acabados —«El otro cielo»—, en el personaje de un latinoamericano sin nombre que asistía de puro curioso a las ejecuciones en la guillotina. Como si lo hubiera hecho frente a un espejo, Cortázar lo describió así: «Tenía una expresión distante y a la vez curiosamente fija, la cara de alguien que se ha inmovilizado en un momento de su sueño y rehúsa dar el paso que lo devolverá a la vigilia». Su personaje andaba envuelto en una hopalanda negra y larga, como el abrigo del propio Cortázar cuando lo vi por primera vez, pero el narrador no se atrevía a acercársele para preguntarle su origen, por temor a la fría cólera con que él mismo hubiera recibido una interpelación semejante. Lo raro es que yo tampoco me había atrevido a acercarme a Cortázar aquella tarde del Old Navy, y por el mismo temor. Lo vi escribir durante más de una hora, sin una pausa para pensar, sin tomar nada más que medio vaso de agua mineral, hasta que empezó a oscurecer en la calle y guardó la pluma en el bolsillo y salió con el cuaderno debajo del brazo como el escolar más alto y más flaco del mundo. En las muchas veces que nos vimos años después, lo único que había cambiado en él era la barba densa y oscura, pues hasta hace apenas dos semanas parecía cierta la leyenda de que era inmortal, porque nunca había dejado de crecer y se mantuvo siempre en la misma edad con que había nacido. Nunca me atreví a preguntarle si era verdad, como tampoco le conté que en el otoño triste de 1956 lo había visto, sin atreverme a decirle nada, en su rincón del Old Navy, y sé que dondequiera que esté ahora estará mentándome la madre por mi timidez.

Los ídolos infunden respeto, admiración, cariño y, por supuesto, grandes envidias. Cortázar inspiraba todos esos sentimientos como muy pocos escritores, pero inspiraba además otro menos frecuente: la devoción. Fue, tal vez sin proponérselo, el argentino que se hizo querer de todo el mundo. Sin embargo, me atrevo a pensar que si los muertos se mueren, Cortázar debe estarse muriendo otra vez de vergüenza por la consternación mundial que ha causado su muerte. Nadie le temía más que él, ni en la vida real ni en los libros, a los honores póstumos y a los fastos funerarios. Más aún: siempre pensé que la muerte misma le parecía indecente. En alguna parte de La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos un grupo de amigos no puede soportar la risa ante la evidencia de que un amigo común ha incurrido en la ridiculez de morirse. Por eso, porque lo conocí y lo quise tanto, me resisto a participar en los lamentos y elegías por Julio Cortázar. Prefiero seguir pensando en él como sin duda él lo quería, con el júbilo inmenso de que haya existido, con la alegría entrañable de haberlo conocido, y la gratitud de que nos haya dejado para el mundo una obra tal vez inconclusa pero tan bella e indestructible como su recuerdo.




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