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«La memoria perdida de las cosas»: el joven Eugenio Trías ante el mito de Fausto

Publicado originalmente por Taurus en 1978, «La memoria perdida de las cosas» ocupa un lugar singular en la primera etapa de Eugenio Trías: breve, intenso y atravesado por una rara energía literaria, el ensayo funciona como una puerta de entrada al laboratorio intelectual del filósofo. A partir del mito de Fausto, Trías despliega un itinerario en el que la filosofía conversa con la literatura y donde resuenan Goethe, Hegel, San Juan de la Cruz, Kierkegaard, Spinoza, Nietzsche o Benjamin. En ese cruce de voces, el autor detecta una tentación persistente de la tradición occidental: reducir lo real a un único principio espiritual, dejando en sombra la naturaleza, el cuerpo y la experiencia sensible. Frente a esa abstracción que devora la vida, Trías propone devolver a las cosas su densidad física, su misterio y su movimiento. LENGUA publica el prólogo de la reedición de la obra (Taurus, colección Clásicos radicales; mayo de 2026), firmado por Adrián Ruiz Fernández.

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LENGUA publica el pr\u00f3logo de Adri\u00e1n Ruiz Fern\u00e1ndez.","meta_keywords":"Eugenio Tr\u00edas, La memoria perdida de las cosas, Fausto, filosof\u00eda y literatura, Taurus, Adri\u00e1n Ruiz Fern\u00e1ndez, ensayo filos\u00f3fico, LENGUA, Goethe, pensamiento contempor\u00e1neo","short_content":"<p>Publicado originalmente por Taurus en 1978, \u00abLa memoria perdida de las cosas\u00bb ocupa un lugar singular en la primera etapa de Eugenio Tr\u00edas: breve, intenso y atravesado por una rara energ\u00eda literaria, el ensayo funciona como una puerta de entrada al laboratorio intelectual del fil\u00f3sofo. A partir del mito de Fausto, Tr\u00edas despliega un itinerario en el que la filosof\u00eda conversa con la literatura y donde resuenan Goethe, Hegel, San Juan de la Cruz, Kierkegaard, Spinoza, Nietzsche o Benjamin. En ese cruce de voces, el autor detecta una tentaci\u00f3n persistente de la tradici\u00f3n occidental: reducir lo real a un \u00fanico principio espiritual, dejando en sombra la naturaleza, el cuerpo y la experiencia sensible. Frente a esa abstracci\u00f3n que devora la vida, Tr\u00edas propone devolver a las cosas su densidad f\u00edsica, su misterio y su movimiento. 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voz c\u00e1lida y apasionada comenta y recrea versos, escenas, pasajes. Paulatinamente se abre paso hacia un escenario extra\u00f1o y parad\u00f3jico: mezcla de oc\u00e9ano sin bordes, paisaje selv\u00e1tico y pasional. All\u00ed se dirige Fausto \u2014mito del hombre moderno\u2014, por primera vez sintiendo el aguij\u00f3n del miedo al asomarse al abismo. All\u00ed se dirige Gustav von Aschenbach, apartando en su fantas\u00eda \u00edntima grandes y nutridas hojas, y porfiando por avanzar hacia un territorio amaz\u00f3nico y olvidado en el coraz\u00f3n de la tierra y del hombre. All\u00ed desembocan los versos de Rilke, en ese ancestral y amoroso manantial de la vida al que se arrima el fil\u00f3sofo remando a contracorriente y tratando de recordarnos algo esencial.\u00a0<\/p><p>As\u00ed arranca este singular ensayo de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/631-eugenio-trias\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Eugenio Tr\u00edas<\/a><\/span>, donde convoca a criaturas del aire de la mejor tradici\u00f3n literaria europea. Ellas pueblan un texto que por momentos parece tejido a trav\u00e9s de un proceso de composici\u00f3n que se aproxima al montaje del cine de vanguardia \u2014como en <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libro-de-arte-cine-y-musica\/25570-ebook-lo-bello-y-lo-siniestro-9788499892559\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Lo bello y lo siniestro<\/a><\/em><\/span>\u00a0(1982)\u2014. El texto avanza por yuxtaposici\u00f3n de escenas, evocadoras y reflexivas, entrelazadas por un mismo aire de familia o por un mismo tema que aparece y se oculta en feliz metamorfosis.<\/p><p>En esta \u00e9poca se fragu\u00f3 el estilo caracter\u00edstico de Eugenio Tr\u00edas. Ning\u00fan periodo de su fecunda obra, sin embargo, alcanz\u00f3 el grado de lirismo propio de libros como <em>Meditaci\u00f3n sobre el poder<\/em> (1977), <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libros-de-filosofia\/25571-ebook-tratado-de-la-pasion-9788499892566\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Tratado de la pasi\u00f3n<\/a><\/em><\/span>\u00a0(1979) o el que aqu\u00ed se presenta, publicado en 1978. En ellos, la escritura de Tr\u00edas est\u00e1 dominada por un lirismo que brota por m\u00edmesis de los propios materiales textuales con los que trabaja, pero tambi\u00e9n emerge de un ardiente y velado fondo autobiogr\u00e1fico, aunque las met\u00e1foras y los s\u00edmbolos no pierden por ello su clara funci\u00f3n de pasaje hacia el espacio en penumbra de lo metaf\u00edsico. En la tercera etapa de su obra (1985-2004), esa bella escritura parece ceder ante el rigor conceptual que exige el <em>tour de force<\/em> de Tr\u00edas por colonizar la <em>terra incognita<\/em> de su nueva filosof\u00eda, aunque propiamente pasa a segundo plano. Solo hay que mirar el fondo: por ejemplo, el escenario mar\u00edtimo que ofrece el marco metaf\u00f3rico a <em>La aventura filos\u00f3fica<\/em> 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este sentido, no es extra\u00f1o que, ya en su madurez, Tr\u00edas afirme que la filosof\u00eda es literatura de conocimiento, aunque eso no le conduzca al<em> totum revolutum<\/em> posmoderno en el que todos los gatos son pardos. A fin de cuentas, ese estilo de escritura es el correlato de un modelo de racionalidad abierto al s\u00edmbolo, es decir, una filosof\u00eda que hace suya la tarea de integrar sus sombras (lo irracional, lo sagrado, el arte, etc.), someti\u00e9ndose a su propio<em> experimentum crucis<\/em> y dej\u00e1ndose transformar en esa c\u00f3pula en la que muerte y nacimiento de la filosof\u00eda se abrazan.\u00a0<\/p><p>Nos encontramos en la segunda etapa de su obra, que abarca desde 1974 hasta la publicaci\u00f3n de <em>Los l\u00edmites del mundo<\/em> (1985). Con este \u00faltimo libro arranca la aventura filos\u00f3fica por la que Tr\u00edas es conocido y reconocido, y a la que pertenecen t\u00edtulos como <em>L\u00f3gica del l\u00edmite<\/em> (1991), <em>La raz\u00f3n fronteriza<\/em> (1999) y esos libros que en el umbral mismo del nuevo milenio tratan de compendiar y ofrecer las claves de la filosof\u00eda del l\u00edmite. Me refiero a <em>Ciudad sobre ciudad<\/em> (2001), <em>El \u00e1rbol de la vida<\/em> (2003) y<em> El hilo de la verdad<\/em> (2004). La obra que aqu\u00ed se reedita se ubica en el coraz\u00f3n de ese periodo intermedio. Se escribi\u00f3 en 1977 y fue publicada al a\u00f1o siguiente por Taurus, hace ahora casi medio siglo. Aunque fue reeditada en 1988 por Mondadori, despu\u00e9s pas\u00f3 a ser un peque\u00f1o tesoro guardado en bibliotecas particulares y una rara suerte para esos buscadores de oro que indagan en estantes \u2014f\u00edsicos y digitales\u2014 de librer\u00edas de segunda mano.\u00a0<\/p><p>Esta segunda etapa comienza con un divorcio, un viaje en barco desde Barcelona a R\u00edo de Janeiro y un libro depositado en las oficinas de la editorial: <em>Drama e identidad<\/em> (1974). Un viaje que es silencio musical para recobrar fuerzas, pero tambi\u00e9n la fuga necesaria para lamer pacientemente la herida que en la carne ha dejado la flecha de Eros. Adem\u00e1s, el fil\u00f3sofo necesita recuperar la energ\u00eda empleada en el primer asalto al escenario p\u00fablico y c\u00edvico y aclarar la ruta filos\u00f3fica que debe seguir en el futuro. Entre finales de los sesenta y principios de los setenta, un joven Tr\u00edas da a luz sus primeros libros: las obras publicadas entre <em>La filosof\u00eda y su sombra<\/em> (1969) y <em>La dispersi\u00f3n<\/em> 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<em>La memoria perdida de las cosas<\/em> se identifica el error de la tendencia filos\u00f3fica hegem\u00f3nica en Occidente: reducir lo real a un \u00fanico 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ellas siembra en Espa\u00f1a la semilla del estructuralismo y el posestructuralismo con la intenci\u00f3n de traer aire matinal y fresco al estancado ambiente filos\u00f3fico de la dictadura franquista. Un periodo aperturista y previo a la transici\u00f3n pol\u00edtica en el que el fil\u00f3sofo aboga por la disoluci\u00f3n de la identidad personal, entendida como m\u00e1scara carnavalesca, en evidente correspondencia con el entorno de cambio y experimentaci\u00f3n que le rodea y que su generaci\u00f3n anhela. El mismo Foucault saluda su <em>Filosof\u00eda y carnaval<\/em> (1970) mientras Tr\u00edas dirige una colecci\u00f3n en Anagrama donde aparecen los primeros textos de Derrida y Deleuze en Espa\u00f1a. Pero hay algo insatisfactorio para el fil\u00f3sofo en esa labor de mero introductor y en una tarea que es exclusivamente de demolici\u00f3n y cr\u00edtica.\u00a0<\/p><p>Por ello, a comienzos de los setenta \u2014antes del viaje por Hispanoam\u00e9rica\u2014, Tr\u00edas emprende una exploraci\u00f3n de su propio pasado cultural. En ese tiempo de retiro y trabajo intelectual, Tr\u00edas lleva a cabo alg\u00fan proyecto que luego entrega a la hoguera, como una tesis doctoral sobre Hegel y Nietzsche \u2014al igual que antes hab\u00eda abandonado la idea de realizar una sobre L\u00e9vi-Strauss\u2014. El repliegue hacia el interior es seguido por una fuga hacia el exterior: el fil\u00f3sofo se aleja de su ciudad natal, Barcelona, y pasa un tiempo en Brasil y Argentina. A su regreso, demuestra la fecundidad de ese par\u00e9ntesis en una serie de publicaciones que ocupan la segunda mitad de la d\u00e9cada y los primeros a\u00f1os ochenta y en las que las referencias y el estilo han cambiado significativamente. En ellas repasa una y otra vez la historia cultural de Europa, situando en cada ocasi\u00f3n un concepto en el centro de una reflexi\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica de altos vuelos que toma el \u00e1mbito de las artes como aeropuerto: la identidad en <em>Drama e identidad,<\/em> el deseo en <em>El artista y la ciudad<\/em> (1976), el poder en <em>Meditaci\u00f3n sobre el poder<\/em> o el amor en <em>Tratado de la pasi\u00f3n.<\/em> Ser\u00eda un error pasar por alto la publicaci\u00f3n de tres libros sobre tres personajes de la gran literatura europea moderna: Goethe, Mann y Maragall. Todos ellos publicados entre finales de los setenta y principios de los ochenta. En ellos el di\u00e1logo con los autores se vuelve casi \u00edntimo y confesional, haciendo expl\u00edcita la identificaci\u00f3n entre Tr\u00edas y estos tres grandes escritores burgueses. Precisamente por ello nos permiten trazar el mapa espiritual del 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Esta tesis explica, por ejemplo, la actitud que a principios del siglo xx mantuvo el neopositivismo l\u00f3gico en relaci\u00f3n con la metaf\u00edsica de Heidegger.\u00a0<\/p><p>Frente a esta concepci\u00f3n negativa, Tr\u00edas afirmar\u00e1 que una filosof\u00eda es tanto m\u00e1s poderosa cuanto menor es el terreno de realidad que deja en sombra, es decir, cuanto menos niega. Esta idea es un resultado de la primera etapa de su reflexi\u00f3n (1969-1971) donde, de la mano de Foucault, advierte ese<em> a priori<\/em> de la cultura occidental que es la estructura inclusi\u00f3n\/exclusi\u00f3n, que en la filosof\u00eda se manifestar\u00eda como funci\u00f3n policial de demarcaci\u00f3n entre saber y no saber. Esta aspiraci\u00f3n omnicomprensiva de la filosof\u00eda \u2014este af\u00e1n o \u00abideal de pantonom\u00eda\u00bb, en palabras de Ortega\u2014, conducir\u00e1 a Tr\u00edas a sostener que una propuesta filos\u00f3fica debe erigirse de manera que sea capaz de incluir filosof\u00edas diversas, a la manera de Hegel. De ah\u00ed el car\u00e1cter meta-filos\u00f3fico que caracteriza, no ya a la primera etapa de cr\u00edtica, sino a toda su obra.\u00a0<\/p><p>En <em>La memoria perdida de las cosas<\/em> se identifica el error de la tendencia filos\u00f3fica hegem\u00f3nica en Occidente: reducir lo real a un \u00fanico principio. Esta filosof\u00eda monista ha seguido los cauces de un espiritualismo radical que, desde los primeros siglos de nuestra era, se ha constituido negando lo sensible, primero como fuente de error en la filosof\u00eda griega y, despu\u00e9s, como fuente de pecado en la filosof\u00eda cristiana. Tr\u00edas medita en torno a la necesidad de sobrepasar una tradici\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica desencarnada y radicalmente espiritualista. Pero, sobre todo, esta obra nos habla de la gestaci\u00f3n de un mundo que es el nuestro: un mundo fagocitado por el concepto l\u00f3gico o ling\u00fc\u00edstico, donde la idea, como el Saturno que so\u00f1\u00f3 el pincel de Goya, ha devorado a la cosa f\u00edsica. Porque las filosof\u00edas contempor\u00e1neas \u2014y Tr\u00edas incluye aqu\u00ed el estructuralismo\u2014 siguen atrapadas en ese gesto idealista que consiste en el olvido de la dimensi\u00f3n sensible e independiente de las cosas. Eso mismo ha denunciado el realismo especulativo a principios del siglo XXI.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"76637y1\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>Todav\u00eda medio siglo despu\u00e9s, esta obra de Eugenio Tr\u00edas es un diagn\u00f3stico l\u00facido sobre nuestro tiempo y nuestra condici\u00f3n.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"pkuwvt4\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>En la arqueolog\u00eda trazada por Tr\u00edas, la automutilaci\u00f3n de Or\u00edgenes en plena alucinaci\u00f3n de su espiritualismo radical, preludia la elaboraci\u00f3n de un pensamiento con graves consecuencias. Entre ellas, la estigmatizaci\u00f3n de lo sensual, que se ve cargado de una pesada envoltura er\u00f3tico-pecaminosa que reduplica su atractivo. O bien la dominaci\u00f3n y explotaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza a trav\u00e9s del complejo industrial y cient\u00edfico-t\u00e9cnico. O bien la homogeneizaci\u00f3n de las comunidades humanas en sociedades modernas, masivas y atomizadas. O bien la ruina de la verdadera experiencia, sustituida por un modelo de vida regido por el esquema est\u00edmulo-excitaci\u00f3n-respuesta, cuyo \u00fanico horizonte es la muerte.\u00a0<\/p><p>Repasando la tradici\u00f3n europea a contracorriente, Tr\u00edas encuentra en el Evangelio de san Juan, en ciertas ideas provenientes de la tradici\u00f3n gn\u00f3stica, as\u00ed como en Spinoza y en Freud, la posibilidad de plantear una filosof\u00eda que corrija el error monista y espiritualista. La alternativa es un dualismo radical de dos principios metaf\u00edsicos enfrentados \u2014pensados en sentido generativo y no meramente l\u00f3gico\u2014. La relaci\u00f3n entre ambos est\u00e1 regida internamente por una lucha sin resoluci\u00f3n que da lugar a la historia. Lo relevante es que, desde este planteamiento, las cosas vuelven a ser pensables tambi\u00e9n en su dimensi\u00f3n f\u00edsica y din\u00e1mica. Tambi\u00e9n se abre la puerta a una interesante reflexi\u00f3n sobre el ser humano, que es mejor que descubras t\u00fa mismo.\u00a0<\/p><p>Todav\u00eda medio siglo despu\u00e9s, esta obra de Eugenio Tr\u00edas es un diagn\u00f3stico l\u00facido sobre nuestro tiempo y nuestra condici\u00f3n. Para el fil\u00f3sofo fue, sobre todo, un campo de pruebas donde ensayar una operaci\u00f3n filos\u00f3fica delicada, al estilo de su <em>Meditaci\u00f3n sobre el poder,<\/em> donde se propuso pensar la filosof\u00eda existencial de Heidegger desde el concepto spinoziano de poder. En este caso, pretende pensar a Spinoza y Hegel desde un dualismo metaf\u00edsico que nos obliga a remontarnos al origen. Por la senda del Ser y la Vida continuar\u00e1n las pr\u00f3ximas publicaciones de Tr\u00edas hasta su <em>Filosof\u00eda del futuro<\/em> (1982), centrada en el principio de variaci\u00f3n, que ya aparece en este libro en relaci\u00f3n con la experiencia. Esa obra clausura y sintetiza la etapa a la que pertenece este libro. Las publicaciones que siguen est\u00e1n marcadas por la irrupci\u00f3n del concepto de l\u00edmite. Lo que nos obliga a plantearnos cu\u00e1ntas filosof\u00edas desarroll\u00f3 Eugenio Tr\u00edas.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"max5n60\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/la-imaginacion-de-jorge-volpi-mueve-el-mundo\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">La imaginaci\u00f3n (de Jorge Volpi) mueve el mundo<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/edith-stein-judia-filosofa-santa-irene-chikiar-bauer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Entre el Carmelo y Auschwitz: Irene Chikiar Bauer desentra\u00f1a la tr\u00e1gica vida de Edith Stein, jud\u00eda, fil\u00f3sofa y santa<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/andrea-marcolongo-el-arte-de-correr\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">A la carrera con Andrea Marcolongo: del mito de Fil\u00edpides a la fiebre del \u00abrunning\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/yuval-noah-harari-nexus-inteligencia-artificial\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Yuval Noah Harari: \u00abPara las empresas de redes sociales, la forma m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil de mantener a la gente enganchada es apelar al miedo, al odio y a la ira\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"solid\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"phbkesk\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"full_width\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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10 minutos
Eugenio Trías en la década de los 70. Crédito: CEFET.

Eugenio Trías en la década de los 70. Crédito: CEFET.

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Una voz cálida y apasionada comenta y recrea versos, escenas, pasajes. Paulatinamente se abre paso hacia un escenario extraño y paradójico: mezcla de océano sin bordes, paisaje selvático y pasional. Allí se dirige Fausto —mito del hombre moderno—, por primera vez sintiendo el aguijón del miedo al asomarse al abismo. Allí se dirige Gustav von Aschenbach, apartando en su fantasía íntima grandes y nutridas hojas, y porfiando por avanzar hacia un territorio amazónico y olvidado en el corazón de la tierra y del hombre. Allí desembocan los versos de Rilke, en ese ancestral y amoroso manantial de la vida al que se arrima el filósofo remando a contracorriente y tratando de recordarnos algo esencial. 

Así arranca este singular ensayo de Eugenio Trías, donde convoca a criaturas del aire de la mejor tradición literaria europea. Ellas pueblan un texto que por momentos parece tejido a través de un proceso de composición que se aproxima al montaje del cine de vanguardia —como en Lo bello y lo siniestro (1982)—. El texto avanza por yuxtaposición de escenas, evocadoras y reflexivas, entrelazadas por un mismo aire de familia o por un mismo tema que aparece y se oculta en feliz metamorfosis.

En esta época se fraguó el estilo característico de Eugenio Trías. Ningún periodo de su fecunda obra, sin embargo, alcanzó el grado de lirismo propio de libros como Meditación sobre el poder (1977), Tratado de la pasión (1979) o el que aquí se presenta, publicado en 1978. En ellos, la escritura de Trías está dominada por un lirismo que brota por mímesis de los propios materiales textuales con los que trabaja, pero también emerge de un ardiente y velado fondo autobiográfico, aunque las metáforas y los símbolos no pierden por ello su clara función de pasaje hacia el espacio en penumbra de lo metafísico. En la tercera etapa de su obra (1985-2004), esa bella escritura parece ceder ante el rigor conceptual que exige el tour de force de Trías por colonizar la terra incognita de su nueva filosofía, aunque propiamente pasa a segundo plano. Solo hay que mirar el fondo: por ejemplo, el escenario marítimo que ofrece el marco metafórico a La aventura filosófica (1988).

  • ¡En oferta!
Las reflexiones sobre la condición humana de uno de los filósofos españoles más importantes de nuestro tiempo. «Todavía medio siglo después, esta obra de Eugenio Trías es un diagnóstico lúcido sobre nuestro tiempo y condición». Adrián Ruiz Fernández
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PEN 34.90

En este sentido, no es extraño que, ya en su madurez, Trías afirme que la filosofía es literatura de conocimiento, aunque eso no le conduzca al totum revolutum posmoderno en el que todos los gatos son pardos. A fin de cuentas, ese estilo de escritura es el correlato de un modelo de racionalidad abierto al símbolo, es decir, una filosofía que hace suya la tarea de integrar sus sombras (lo irracional, lo sagrado, el arte, etc.), sometiéndose a su propio experimentum crucis y dejándose transformar en esa cópula en la que muerte y nacimiento de la filosofía se abrazan. 

Nos encontramos en la segunda etapa de su obra, que abarca desde 1974 hasta la publicación de Los límites del mundo (1985). Con este último libro arranca la aventura filosófica por la que Trías es conocido y reconocido, y a la que pertenecen títulos como Lógica del límite (1991), La razón fronteriza (1999) y esos libros que en el umbral mismo del nuevo milenio tratan de compendiar y ofrecer las claves de la filosofía del límite. Me refiero a Ciudad sobre ciudad (2001), El árbol de la vida (2003) y El hilo de la verdad (2004). La obra que aquí se reedita se ubica en el corazón de ese periodo intermedio. Se escribió en 1977 y fue publicada al año siguiente por Taurus, hace ahora casi medio siglo. Aunque fue reeditada en 1988 por Mondadori, después pasó a ser un pequeño tesoro guardado en bibliotecas particulares y una rara suerte para esos buscadores de oro que indagan en estantes —físicos y digitales— de librerías de segunda mano. 

Esta segunda etapa comienza con un divorcio, un viaje en barco desde Barcelona a Río de Janeiro y un libro depositado en las oficinas de la editorial: Drama e identidad (1974). Un viaje que es silencio musical para recobrar fuerzas, pero también la fuga necesaria para lamer pacientemente la herida que en la carne ha dejado la flecha de Eros. Además, el filósofo necesita recuperar la energía empleada en el primer asalto al escenario público y cívico y aclarar la ruta filosófica que debe seguir en el futuro. Entre finales de los sesenta y principios de los setenta, un joven Trías da a luz sus primeros libros: las obras publicadas entre La filosofía y su sombra (1969) y La dispersión (1971). 

En La memoria perdida de las cosas se identifica el error de la tendencia filosófica hegemónica en Occidente: reducir lo real a un único principio.

Con ellas siembra en España la semilla del estructuralismo y el posestructuralismo con la intención de traer aire matinal y fresco al estancado ambiente filosófico de la dictadura franquista. Un periodo aperturista y previo a la transición política en el que el filósofo aboga por la disolución de la identidad personal, entendida como máscara carnavalesca, en evidente correspondencia con el entorno de cambio y experimentación que le rodea y que su generación anhela. El mismo Foucault saluda su Filosofía y carnaval (1970) mientras Trías dirige una colección en Anagrama donde aparecen los primeros textos de Derrida y Deleuze en España. Pero hay algo insatisfactorio para el filósofo en esa labor de mero introductor y en una tarea que es exclusivamente de demolición y crítica. 

Por ello, a comienzos de los setenta —antes del viaje por Hispanoamérica—, Trías emprende una exploración de su propio pasado cultural. En ese tiempo de retiro y trabajo intelectual, Trías lleva a cabo algún proyecto que luego entrega a la hoguera, como una tesis doctoral sobre Hegel y Nietzsche —al igual que antes había abandonado la idea de realizar una sobre Lévi-Strauss—. El repliegue hacia el interior es seguido por una fuga hacia el exterior: el filósofo se aleja de su ciudad natal, Barcelona, y pasa un tiempo en Brasil y Argentina. A su regreso, demuestra la fecundidad de ese paréntesis en una serie de publicaciones que ocupan la segunda mitad de la década y los primeros años ochenta y en las que las referencias y el estilo han cambiado significativamente. En ellas repasa una y otra vez la historia cultural de Europa, situando en cada ocasión un concepto en el centro de una reflexión filosófica de altos vuelos que toma el ámbito de las artes como aeropuerto: la identidad en Drama e identidad, el deseo en El artista y la ciudad (1976), el poder en Meditación sobre el poder o el amor en Tratado de la pasión. Sería un error pasar por alto la publicación de tres libros sobre tres personajes de la gran literatura europea moderna: Goethe, Mann y Maragall. Todos ellos publicados entre finales de los setenta y principios de los ochenta. En ellos el diálogo con los autores se vuelve casi íntimo y confesional, haciendo explícita la identificación entre Trías y estos tres grandes escritores burgueses. Precisamente por ello nos permiten trazar el mapa espiritual del filósofo.

Desde la izquierda: Fernando Savater, Alberto González Troyano, Eugenio Trías, Ferrán Lobo (abajo) y Félix de Azúa, en la redacción de la editorial La Gaya Ciencia, en los 70. Crédito: CEFET.

Desde la izquierda: Fernando Savater, Alberto González Troyano, Eugenio Trías, Ferrán Lobo (abajo) y Félix de Azúa, en la redacción de la editorial La Gaya Ciencia, en los 70. Crédito: CEFET.

Pero esta profunda indagación en el propio pasado cultural no responde tanto a un interés privado y egocéntrico cuanto a la búsqueda de una filosofía que no sea meramente crítica y corrosiva. Si en su primer periodo quería llevar más lejos que el propio Foucault la idea de la muerte del hombre —algo que trataría de hacer después el posthumanismo—, ahora quiere salir del cul de sac del hipercriticismo posmoderno hacia una filosofía afirmativa que asuma la altura de los tiempos. En La filosofía y su sombra, Trías mostró cómo toda filosofía se concebía a partir de una negación. A través de este mecanismo se opone a otra opción filosófica que constituye su inversión, su reverso negativo, su sombra. Esta tesis explica, por ejemplo, la actitud que a principios del siglo xx mantuvo el neopositivismo lógico en relación con la metafísica de Heidegger. 

Frente a esta concepción negativa, Trías afirmará que una filosofía es tanto más poderosa cuanto menor es el terreno de realidad que deja en sombra, es decir, cuanto menos niega. Esta idea es un resultado de la primera etapa de su reflexión (1969-1971) donde, de la mano de Foucault, advierte ese a priori de la cultura occidental que es la estructura inclusión/exclusión, que en la filosofía se manifestaría como función policial de demarcación entre saber y no saber. Esta aspiración omnicomprensiva de la filosofía —este afán o «ideal de pantonomía», en palabras de Ortega—, conducirá a Trías a sostener que una propuesta filosófica debe erigirse de manera que sea capaz de incluir filosofías diversas, a la manera de Hegel. De ahí el carácter meta-filosófico que caracteriza, no ya a la primera etapa de crítica, sino a toda su obra. 

En La memoria perdida de las cosas se identifica el error de la tendencia filosófica hegemónica en Occidente: reducir lo real a un único principio. Esta filosofía monista ha seguido los cauces de un espiritualismo radical que, desde los primeros siglos de nuestra era, se ha constituido negando lo sensible, primero como fuente de error en la filosofía griega y, después, como fuente de pecado en la filosofía cristiana. Trías medita en torno a la necesidad de sobrepasar una tradición filosófica desencarnada y radicalmente espiritualista. Pero, sobre todo, esta obra nos habla de la gestación de un mundo que es el nuestro: un mundo fagocitado por el concepto lógico o lingüístico, donde la idea, como el Saturno que soñó el pincel de Goya, ha devorado a la cosa física. Porque las filosofías contemporáneas —y Trías incluye aquí el estructuralismo— siguen atrapadas en ese gesto idealista que consiste en el olvido de la dimensión sensible e independiente de las cosas. Eso mismo ha denunciado el realismo especulativo a principios del siglo XXI.

Todavía medio siglo después, esta obra de Eugenio Trías es un diagnóstico lúcido sobre nuestro tiempo y nuestra condición.

En la arqueología trazada por Trías, la automutilación de Orígenes en plena alucinación de su espiritualismo radical, preludia la elaboración de un pensamiento con graves consecuencias. Entre ellas, la estigmatización de lo sensual, que se ve cargado de una pesada envoltura erótico-pecaminosa que reduplica su atractivo. O bien la dominación y explotación de la naturaleza a través del complejo industrial y científico-técnico. O bien la homogeneización de las comunidades humanas en sociedades modernas, masivas y atomizadas. O bien la ruina de la verdadera experiencia, sustituida por un modelo de vida regido por el esquema estímulo-excitación-respuesta, cuyo único horizonte es la muerte. 

Repasando la tradición europea a contracorriente, Trías encuentra en el Evangelio de san Juan, en ciertas ideas provenientes de la tradición gnóstica, así como en Spinoza y en Freud, la posibilidad de plantear una filosofía que corrija el error monista y espiritualista. La alternativa es un dualismo radical de dos principios metafísicos enfrentados —pensados en sentido generativo y no meramente lógico—. La relación entre ambos está regida internamente por una lucha sin resolución que da lugar a la historia. Lo relevante es que, desde este planteamiento, las cosas vuelven a ser pensables también en su dimensión física y dinámica. También se abre la puerta a una interesante reflexión sobre el ser humano, que es mejor que descubras tú mismo. 

Todavía medio siglo después, esta obra de Eugenio Trías es un diagnóstico lúcido sobre nuestro tiempo y nuestra condición. Para el filósofo fue, sobre todo, un campo de pruebas donde ensayar una operación filosófica delicada, al estilo de su Meditación sobre el poder, donde se propuso pensar la filosofía existencial de Heidegger desde el concepto spinoziano de poder. En este caso, pretende pensar a Spinoza y Hegel desde un dualismo metafísico que nos obliga a remontarnos al origen. Por la senda del Ser y la Vida continuarán las próximas publicaciones de Trías hasta su Filosofía del futuro (1982), centrada en el principio de variación, que ya aparece en este libro en relación con la experiencia. Esa obra clausura y sintetiza la etapa a la que pertenece este libro. Las publicaciones que siguen están marcadas por la irrupción del concepto de límite. Lo que nos obliga a plantearnos cuántas filosofías desarrolló Eugenio Trías.

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