Entrevistas

Una vida para ser contada ocho veces: Mirinae Lee y las heridas de Corea

Inspirándose en su tía abuela, una de las mujeres de edad más avanzada en escapar completamente sola de Corea del Norte, Mirinae Lee (Seúl) ha escrito una novela tan impactante como conmovedora sobre el amor y la guerra, el engaño y la delación, la identidad, la narración de historias y el empeño en sobrevivir. En «Las 8 vidas de una centenaria sin nombre» (Salamandra, 2025), la autora aborda algunos de los episodios más espinosos de la historia reciente de Corea sin dejar de impulsar al lector hacia adelante, combinando el vuelo de la imaginación con lo aprendido en fuentes documentales y a partir del testimonio de desertores de Corea del Norte. Interesada en «tener a una protagonista que desafiara estereotipos, una suerte de abuela excéntrica con un lado un poco violento», su ópera prima nos regala un personaje de una fortaleza y un carisma inolvidables.

{"id":3517,"id_simpleblog_post":"3517","id_simpleblog_category":"37","id_simpleblog_post_type":"1","id_simpleblog_author":"0","author":"Antonio Lozano","author_url":"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/1010921-antonio-lozano-sagrera","likes":"0","views":"95","allow_comments":"2","is_featured":"1","access":"a:7:{i:1;b:1;i:2;b:1;i:3;b:1;i:4;b:0;i:5;b:0;i:6;b:0;i:7;b:0;}","cover":"jpg","featured":"jpg","id_product":"398988,399101","id_category_tematica":"217497,26,108376,6,14,17,19","id_category_autor":"1010921,1000343","id_category_editorial":"11942","id_event":"0","active":"1","title":"Una vida para ser contada ocho veces: Mirinae Lee y las heridas de Corea","meta_title":"Una vida para ser contada ocho veces: Mirinae Lee y las heridas de Corea","meta_description":"LENGUA dialoga con Mirinae Lee sobre \u00abLas 8 vidas de una centenaria sin nombre\u00bb, una novela sobre trauma, memoria y supervivencia inspirada en la historia de Corea.","meta_keywords":"Mirinae Lee, Las ocho vidas de una centenaria sin nombre, literatura coreana, Corea del Norte, memoria hist\u00f3rica, trauma y ficci\u00f3n, novela hist\u00f3rica, Salamandra","short_content":"<p>Inspir\u00e1ndose en su t\u00eda abuela, una de las mujeres de edad m\u00e1s avanzada en escapar completamente sola de Corea del Norte, Mirinae Lee (Se\u00fal) ha escrito una novela tan impactante como conmovedora sobre el amor y la guerra, el enga\u00f1o y la delaci\u00f3n, la identidad, la narraci\u00f3n de historias y el empe\u00f1o en sobrevivir. 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Con este trasfondo hist\u00f3rico, y la inspiraci\u00f3n de las historias de su t\u00eda abuela, <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/1000343-mirinae-lee\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Mirinae Lee<\/span><\/a>, original de Se\u00fal, ha firmado una primera novela de apabullante madurez, donde confluyen un mont\u00f3n de temas e intereses: el amor, la amistad, los v\u00ednculos familiares, la guerra, las aventuras, los abusos contra las mujeres, los conflictos morales, el peso de la memoria, las t\u00e1cticas de supervivencia y la reflexi\u00f3n sobre la importancia a la hora de contar bien una historia.<\/p><p>En el centro del libro hay un personaje fascinante, la se\u00f1ora Mook Miran, que pasa sus \u00faltimos a\u00f1os en una residencia, donde compa\u00f1eros y personal desconocen que ha tenido una existencia plagada de episodios inveros\u00edmiles, conteniendo numerosos traumas y peripecias, m\u00faltiples identidades y secretos de aquellos que uno preferir\u00eda llevarse a la tumba. La forma de sacarlos a la luz llega en la forma de una trabajadora de la residencia, empecinada en charlar con los ancianos para que les cuenten su vida de cara a escribir una necrol\u00f3gica que les alivie, les haga justicia y que sirva de ofrenda a sus seres queridos. Lo que nunca podr\u00eda haber imaginado es que la se\u00f1ora Mook Miran va a romperle todos los esquemas. A las puertas de cumplir un siglo, elige siete palabras para auto definirse: esclava, escapista, asesina, terrorista, esp\u00eda, amante y madre. Porque \u00e9sas son las identidades que Mook ha tenido que asumir, marcadas por la p\u00e9rdida, la pasi\u00f3n y las ansias de vivir. De este modo, lo que parec\u00eda una invitaci\u00f3n inocente se transforma en una confesi\u00f3n largamente postergada, en la que Mook abre la puerta a su pasado: una ni\u00f1ez en la Corea ocupada, una juventud rota por la guerra y las decisiones que forjaron su destino. 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\u00bfLa literatura comenz\u00f3 a cobrar importancia en su vida de una forma temprana?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Aunque a estas alturas ya pueda sonar a clich\u00e9 contestar afirmativamente a esta pregunta si eres escritora, no hay otra forma de ponerlo. No tuve una infancia que pueda considerarse \u00abideal\u00bb bajo ninguna luz, de modo que la literatura y el cine fueron mi pasaporte a otros mundos. Sin ellos ser\u00eda una persona muy diferente de aquella en la que me he convertido. Puede sonar melodram\u00e1tico pero lo cierto es que me salvaron la infancia, de modo que la literatura fue sin duda importante, aunque el adjetivo no le hace plena justicia.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfHasta qu\u00e9 punto los episodios m\u00e1s atroces del pasado reciente de Corea eran tema de conversaci\u00f3n en el \u00e1mbito familiar cuando era peque\u00f1a?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Los episodios de violencia extrema como guerras, aunque no fueras testigos de ellos o un superviviente, no dejan de afectarte y su impacto permanece dentro de ti durante mucho tiempo. La generaci\u00f3n de mis abuelos fue la primera en vivir de primera mano las experiencias b\u00e9licas, mientras que mi padre era muy ni\u00f1o. De todos modos, entre la generaci\u00f3n de mi padre hubo mucho alcoholismo, incluy\u00e9ndolo a \u00e9l y a mi t\u00edo. Y mi generaci\u00f3n, que ni remotamente pas\u00f3 por aquel trauma, sigue sintiendo su sombra ya que todo ese dolor va goteando hacia abajo, a los que vienen detr\u00e1s y anidando en la sociedad, con independencia del momento hist\u00f3rico. Lo mismo ocurre con las dictaduras, que quiz\u00e1 no te toc\u00f3 experimentar, pero su eco acaba permeando el modo en que piensas y act\u00faas. La triste verdad es que los efectos del Mal con may\u00fasculas son insidiosos y a muy largo plazo.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"y88bl9k\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abDe ni\u00f1a apenas le\u00eda literatura de mi pa\u00eds a lo que se sumaba el hecho de que la mayor\u00eda de las voces eran masculinas. Ahora la situaci\u00f3n ha dado un vuelco radical: las mujeres somos la principal fuerza literaria del pa\u00eds\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"1fj2m0y\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfCree que las mujeres surcoreanas con aspiraciones literarias no lo tienen f\u00e1cil en Corea del Sur porque tradicionalmente no se las ha animado a ser escritoras?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Las cosas han cambiado mucho y a gran velocidad en las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas. Recuerdo que de ni\u00f1a apenas le\u00eda literatura de mi pa\u00eds, casi toda proced\u00eda de Estados Unidos y Francia, porque carec\u00edamos de variedad en al apartado tem\u00e1tico, a lo que se sumaba el hecho de que la mayor\u00eda de las voces eran masculinas. Ahora la situaci\u00f3n ha dado un vuelco radical. <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/fenomenos\/la-vegetariana-han-kang-gabi-martinez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Las mujeres somos la principal fuerza literaria del pa\u00eds,<\/span><\/a> algo que ha quedado patente estos d\u00edas [octubre de 2025] en el festival Kosm\u00f3polis del CCCB, donde hemos participado cinco o seis mujeres coreanas. \u00a1Imagina hasta donde habr\u00e1 llegado la situaci\u00f3n que un periodista surcoreano que me entrevist\u00f3 el a\u00f1o pasado se me quej\u00f3 de la dificultad de hallar voces j\u00f3venes masculinas en el panorama local actual! Estoy muy feliz de que revirti\u00e9ramos una anomal\u00eda y una injusticia tan flagrantes.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfQu\u00e9 la impuls\u00f3 a estudiar Literatura Inglesa en la Universidad de Columbia? \u00bfPor aquel entonces la idea de perseguir una carrera literaria ya hab\u00eda cristalizado en su cabeza?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Aunque el sue\u00f1o de llegar a dedicarme a la escritura fue el primero que de ni\u00f1a cautiv\u00f3 mi imaginaci\u00f3n, la combinaci\u00f3n de crecer en Corea del Sur, donde algo as\u00ed no era fomentado, y la improbabilidad de por s\u00ed de ganarse la vida con ello me desalentaron. Hablamos de los a\u00f1os noventa, de nuevo un momento muy diferente al de hoy en d\u00eda. Tampoco es que nadie quisiera disuadirme exprofeso, fue solo un ejercicio natural de realismo.\u00a0 Sin embargo, muchos a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, cuando me encontraba en la mitad o a finales de la veintena, el deseo o la aspiraci\u00f3n resurgi\u00f3 con fuerza. Tom\u00e9 conciencia de que escribir era algo que amaba tanto que necesitaba darle una oportunidad, digamos que quer\u00eda espantar la posibilidad de que el fantasma del arrepentimiento por no haberlo intentado me persiguiera. Por fortuna, escribir es algo que todo el mundo dotado de tiempo, habilidad y un ordenador (o, en su defecto, papel y bol\u00edgrafo) puede hacer, no es lo mismo que tocar el viol\u00edn. Estudiar Literatura Inglesa era una manera de estar en contacto con ese deseo, aunque de nuevo no como salida profesional de por vida, ya que en ese sentido mis miras estaban puestas en el Derecho. La iron\u00eda es que una vez me puse a ejercer la abogac\u00eda me di cuenta de que no era lo m\u00edo y entonces tom\u00e9 la determinaci\u00f3n de volver al sue\u00f1o de la escritura con la ambici\u00f3n de ganarme el pan con 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La semilla de la novela fue su t\u00eda abuela, pese a que no fue capaz de compartir sus experiencias vitales con usted. \u00bfDe qu\u00e9 maneras le result\u00f3 inspiradora?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> El avanzado estado de su alzh\u00e9imer le impidi\u00f3 brindarme un relato coherente de su vida, pero eso no quit\u00f3 que su periplo desde Corea del Norte a Corea del Sur, pasando por China, acab\u00f3 siendo el arco principal de mi libro. Con todo, los detalles no son suyos, y no s\u00e9 si de haberle podido preguntar me habr\u00eda explicado nada pues era una etapa de su vida sobre la que guardaba un f\u00e9rreo silencio. Debemos pensar que al abandonar a su esposo e hijos en <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/corea-del-norte-florencia-grieco\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Corea del Norte<\/span><\/a> los coloc\u00f3 en una situaci\u00f3n de gran riesgo dado que los familiares de los desertores sol\u00edan sufrir represalias y eran v\u00edctimas el oprobio. El dolor y la verg\u00fcenza segu\u00edan muy presentes para ella. Al final la novela fue el resultado de mezclar mi imaginaci\u00f3n desbocada con un proceso de documentaci\u00f3n acerca de determinados episodios hist\u00f3ricos de Corea del Sur.\u00a0 Ahora bien, los rasgos embaucadores de mi protagonista s\u00ed que los cog\u00ed directamente prestados de mi t\u00eda abuela, la persona m\u00e1s inteligente y aut\u00e9ntica que he conocido, a la vez que con un punto alocado y exc\u00e9ntrico. Adoraba el conocimiento, de aqu\u00ed que en un momento en el que a las mujeres se les prohib\u00eda el acceso a una plena educaci\u00f3n, ella se aplic\u00f3 al autodidactismo hasta aprender tres idiomas, igual que mi protagonista. Debe decirse que, al contrario que el grueso de las mujeres de su generaci\u00f3n, no brillaba por su modestia, le encantaba alardear de conocimientos.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"c9fh8uo\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abLos que han pasado por experiencias muy traum\u00e1ticas necesitan conformar un relato de su sufrimiento y posterior supervivencia que puede no ajustarse a la realidad, pero en esta fabulaci\u00f3n yace parte de su proceso de sanaci\u00f3n\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"zaouo18\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: Al hilo de esto, con una lianta como personaje principal siempre flota en el ambiente la cuesti\u00f3n de cu\u00e1n fiable es su testimonio, aunque en cierto modo esto convierte la novela en un reflejo del modo en que todos imaginamos y coloreamos partes de nuestra vida. Expresado de otro modo, somos los cronistas o novelistas de nuestras propias experiencias. \u00bfEst\u00e1 de acuerdo?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Por supuesto. Una de las caracter\u00edsticas m\u00e1s singulares de mi t\u00eda abuela era que se trataba de una mentirosa consumada, aunque en su descargo tambi\u00e9n dir\u00eda que narraba sus historias con un talento que las hac\u00eda fascinantes. Algunas de ellas eran directamente imposibles en un sentido cient\u00edfico. Por ejemplo, nos cont\u00f3 que durante su estancia en China conoci\u00f3 a una anciana gur\u00fa que le ense\u00f1\u00f3 a correr tan r\u00e1pido por la superficie del agua que no llegaba a hundirse, remedando lo que hace una piedra lisa que lanzas con fuerza y a una determinada inclinaci\u00f3n. \u00bfQui\u00e9n iba a creerse algo as\u00ed? Pero esto no imped\u00eda que disfrut\u00e1ramos tanto de sus relatos que ni siquiera lleg\u00e1bamos a reprocharle su inverosimilitud. Los que han pasado por experiencias muy traum\u00e1ticas necesitan conformar un relato de su sufrimiento y posterior supervivencia que puede no ajustarse a la realidad, pero en esta fabulaci\u00f3n yace parte de su proceso de sanaci\u00f3n. Siempre que detr\u00e1s de una modificaci\u00f3n de la verdad al hablar de episodios tr\u00e1gicos como una guerra no exista una intenci\u00f3n de mentir o manipular, me parece un ejercicio comprensible. Por otro lado, al final del d\u00eda, todos los autores de ficci\u00f3n somos mentirosos profesionales, inventamos a partir de hechos reales.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Su novela tiene momentos muy crudos, pero tambi\u00e9n abundan los que ofrecen consuelo, la alegr\u00eda y la tristeza bailan un constante <em>pas de deux<\/em>. \u00bfCu\u00e1n importante era para usted alcanzar esta suerte de equilibrio?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Agradezco que se\u00f1ale este equilibrio ya que muchos lectores se quedaron solo con el impacto de la violencia brutal cometida contra las mujeres en el marco de la guerra, sobre todo en lo referente a las trabajadoras sexuales, llegando a encontrar algunas escenas tan gr\u00e1ficas que les supuso un esfuerzo seguir adelante. Y lo entiendo porque cada cual tiene el baremo de la sensibilidad en un punto muy personal. Sin embargo, es reconfortante que se advierta la luz y oscuridad que busqu\u00e9 transmitir porque el tono del libro reproduce la esencia desdoblada de la protagonista, tan capaz de hacer el bien como de hacer el mal, y tambi\u00e9n la realidad de que en medio de la situaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s terrible que uno pueda imaginar, como una guerra, siempre se producen gestos de amabilidad, la gente se enamora y se r\u00ede. Mi intenci\u00f3n fue aligerar la tragedia para hacerle justicia a la mezcla de positividad y negatividad en cualquier circunstancia de la vida.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfDurante la escritura de la novela aprendi\u00f3 algo relevador o lleg\u00f3 a alg\u00fan conocimiento nuevo en relaci\u00f3n con el tema de la supervivencia, por ejemplo, quien est\u00e1 m\u00e1s capacitado para alcanzarla y qui\u00e9n no?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Por un lado, confirm\u00e9 la sospecha de que escribir puede ser una herramienta muy \u00fatil a la hora de sobrevivir. Aunque no poseas capacidad de decisi\u00f3n en contextos terribles, como una guerra o la esclavitud sexual, ser capaz de recordarlo y digerirlo a tu manera, recurriendo a tus propias palabras, te concede una sensaci\u00f3n de acci\u00f3n o intervenci\u00f3n. Volcarlo ya es importante, pero si adem\u00e1s dispones de oyentes o tus lectores, individuos que se tomaran la molestia de prestarte atenci\u00f3n, puede ser otro factor clave a la hora de ayudarte a sentirte mejor con tu vida (no hablar\u00eda de superaci\u00f3n de los hechos porque hay algunas heridas demasiado profundas) y contribuir a reforzar tu salud mental. Esta pregunta me ha tra\u00eddo a la cabeza una lectura que me impresion\u00f3 mucho, <em>El hombre en busca de sentido<\/em>, de <a href=\\\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viktor_Frankl\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Viktor Frankl<\/span><\/a>, un superviviente de los <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/futbol-boxeo-y-burdeles-en-los-campos-nazis\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">campos de concentraci\u00f3n nazis<\/span><\/a>, obra en la que expon\u00eda que aquellos que lograron escapar del horror fueron en gran medida los que cuidaron de s\u00ed mismos en peque\u00f1os detalles como mantenerse limpios, lavarse los dientes o acicalarse m\u00ednimamente. Imagino que esta idea de no abandonarse por completo, de cumplir con ciertas rutinas y cuidados, como ejercicio de autoafirmaci\u00f3n es extrapolable a cualquier contexto 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Cr\u00e9ditos: Roser Ninot.\",\"link_to\":\"none\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":\"\",\"url\":\"\"},\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_style_image\":\"\",\"space\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1},\"hover_animation\":\"\",\"image_border_border\":\"\",\"image_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_border_color\":\"\",\"image_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"x29wfbu\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: right;\\\">Mirinae Lee. Cr\u00e9dito: Roser Ninot.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"\",\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"2\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"t0kuk3b\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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El amor y la amistad en est\u00e1n en el centro de su libro, sirvi\u00e9ndonos el consuelo de que son capaces de brotar en las situaciones m\u00e1s desesperadas.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> El otro d\u00eda acud\u00eda a la charla que ofreci\u00f3 Art Spiegelman en el festival Kosm\u00f3polis, cuya obra <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/novela-grafica\/29000-libro-maus-9788439720713\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em>Maus<\/em><\/span><\/a> seguramente sea el c\u00f3mic m\u00e1s famoso que jam\u00e1s se haya escrito sobre los campos de concentraci\u00f3n. En el transcurso de la misma, sali\u00f3 a colaci\u00f3n una escena en la que el padre, un superviviente de la Shoah, le responde crudamente a su hijo, que le est\u00e1 hablando de sus amigos, algo en las l\u00edneas de \u00abmant\u00e9n encerradas a cien personas en una habitaci\u00f3n sin comer durante tres d\u00edas y descubrir\u00e1s que la amistad no existe\u00bb. Qu\u00e9 duda cabe de que no hay mayor desaf\u00edo para la amistad que cuando te envuelve una situaci\u00f3n atroz, violenta y extrema. Sin embargo, a\u00fan y as\u00ed se producen actos de bondad y generosidad entre las personas, muestras de comunicaci\u00f3n emocional, e incluso llega a florecer el amor donde parec\u00eda m\u00e1s improbable. Todas estas realidades me las expusieron algunos supervivientes y quise reflejarlas en la novela.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfPuede explicarnos un poco c\u00f3mo fue el proceso de documentaci\u00f3n? \u00bfDir\u00eda que fue una manera de reconectar con sus ra\u00edces?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Al no ser una historiadora sino una novelista, tuve que leer mucho sobre el periodo que abarca el libro, pero no tanto con el prop\u00f3sito de recopilar datos y llegar a los hechos hist\u00f3ricos como de alcanzar la verdad emocional de las personas. De aqu\u00ed que, aunque me empara de ficciones y no ficciones vinculadas a mi relato, los t\u00edtulos m\u00e1s \u00fatiles y preciados fueron los testimonios, ya fueran en forma de libros, grabaciones e incluso cortometrajes animados. A esto se suma que trabaj\u00e9 como voluntaria dando clases de ingl\u00e9s a desertores j\u00f3venes de Corea del Norte. Curiosamente, jam\u00e1s llegu\u00e9 a sentarme con ellos de cara a entrevistarlos, porque me hubiese parecido raro e incluso inc\u00f3modo, pero al pasar tanto tiempo a su lado fui recopilando an\u00e9cdotas muy jugosas sobre sus vidas en Corea del Norte, una gran parte de las cuales acab\u00e9 llev\u00e1ndolas al libro. Un ejemplo es el de la joven que arriesga la vida viendo culebrones del Sur en su dormitorio universitario en Pyongyang gracias a poseer dos reproductores de v\u00eddeo que confunden a la polic\u00eda.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"p8kf4t6\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abIgual que nos puede resultar m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil abrir nuestros corazones y hablar con total honestidad delante de extra\u00f1os que de gente querida a la que podr\u00edamos herir, escribir en una segunda lengua me otorg\u00f3 la distancia y la libertad necesaria para ver las cosas desde otros \u00e1ngulos\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"kt7lrev\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfQu\u00e9 la decidi\u00f3 a renunciar a la explicaci\u00f3n cronol\u00f3gica de los hechos que conforman su novela?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Para empezar fue por mi propia comodidad, ya que el primer cap\u00edtulo naci\u00f3 como un relato. Como siempre hab\u00eda albergado el deseo de escribir sobre mi t\u00eda abuela, al finalizarlo pens\u00e9, \u00ab\u00bfY si este personaje extra\u00f1o y misterioso que lo protagoniza en realidad ha sido inspirado por su figura?\u00bb. De modo que me puse a expandirlo en forma de peque\u00f1as historias que abarcaran diferentes momentos de su vida hasta que al final advert\u00ed que hab\u00eda moldeado lo que en Estados Unidos llaman \u00abuna novela en relatos\u00bb. No deja de ser una novela sobre la existencia al completo de una mujer, aunque cada cap\u00edtulo funciona de manera independiente. Cuando llevaba escrito la mitad del libro, le\u00ed <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/174895\/olive-kitteridge-by-elizabeth-strout\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em>Oliver Kitteridge<\/em><\/span><\/a> de <a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/elizabeth-strout-por-rodrigo-fresan-lucy-barton-olive-kitteridge-cuentamelo-todo\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">Elizabeth Strout<\/span><\/a>, que me encant\u00f3 y que al seguir el mismo esquema me alivi\u00f3 al ver que exist\u00eda un precedente tan bien ejecutado. Al mismo tiempo creo que un planteamiento as\u00ed le hac\u00eda justicia a las variadas personas y vidas por las que atraves\u00f3 el personaje, es decir, un estilo narrativo fragmentado representa con acierto a una persona caleidosc\u00f3pica y mutante.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: El libro abre con la bonita idea de recopilar recuerdos de la gente anciana con vistas a que formen parte del legado de sus seres queridos. \u00bfC\u00f3mo surgi\u00f3?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Arrancar con el cap\u00edtulo de la residencia de ancianos -algo que en un principio no ten\u00eda previsto- debi\u00f3 estar motivado por el hecho de que fue en una de ellas donde vi a mi t\u00eda abuela por \u00faltima vez, cuando ya el alzh\u00e9imer que se la llevar\u00eda estaba en una fase muy avanzada. Tanto si a tu muerte van a sobrevivirte familiares y amigos como si no, la posibilidad de contar tu propia historia te concede la posibilidad de insuflar participaci\u00f3n y direcci\u00f3n a la etapa final de tu existencia. Hoy en d\u00eda pasamos tanto tiempo a solas con nuestras pantallas, en las redes sociales y dem\u00e1s, y tan poco escuchando a los otros compartir sus vivencias y consejos, que alentar algo as\u00ed es uno de los gestos m\u00e1s bellos que se me ocurren, especialmente con personas a las que les queda poco tiempo.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfC\u00f3mo piensa que la voz y el estilo cambian cuando uno no escribe en su lengua materna? \u00bfEn qu\u00e9 aspectos cree que su novela se benefici\u00f3 del cambio? \u00bfHubo tambi\u00e9n sacrificios?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Creo que, de alguna manera, igual que nos puede resultar m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil abrir nuestros corazones y hablar con total honestidad delante de extra\u00f1os que de gente querida a la que podr\u00edamos herir, escribir en una segunda lengua me otorg\u00f3 la distancia y la libertad necesaria para ver las cosas desde otros \u00e1ngulos. De haber recurrido al coreano habr\u00eda sido demasiado \u00edntimo y quiz\u00e1 incluso doloroso, en especial al abordar episodios traum\u00e1ticos de mis familiares. Para m\u00ed el ingl\u00e9s es un idioma completamente ajeno, no creo que leyera ning\u00fan libro en \u00e9l hasta que estuve en la veintena, de aqu\u00ed que jam\u00e1s imagin\u00e9 que lo utilizar\u00eda como veh\u00edculo de expresi\u00f3n literaria. En cualquier caso, fue un accidente maravilloso, que como extra disminuy\u00f3 el peligro de incurrir en la auto censura, en mi caso por no temer tanto la reacci\u00f3n de mis familiares coreanos.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfQu\u00e9 tres palabras escoger\u00eda para resumir su vida hasta este momento?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Mirinae Lee:<\/strong> Me temo que no voy a ser tan creativa como la protagonista de mi novela, sino mucho m\u00e1s aburrida, pero no por ello faltar\u00e9 a la verdad, As\u00ed que ah\u00ed van: Amante\/Madre\/Escritora.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"uouizeo\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/fenomenos\/la-vegetariana-han-kang-gabi-martinez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">\u00abLa vegetariana\u00bb, de Han Kang: la metamorfosis radical de una mujer cualquiera<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/la-turista-de-yun-ko-eun-de-vacaciones-en-una-distopia\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">\u00abLa turista\u00bb, de Yun Ko-eun: de vacaciones en una distop\u00eda<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/corea-del-norte-florencia-grieco\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Sonriente y nuclear: Corea del Norte, la tierra del \u00faltimo l\u00edder comunista<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/jon-sistiaga-ninguna-guerra-se-parece-a-otra-reedicion-2025\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Jon Sistiaga: aquella guerra, todas las 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15 minutos

Por  Antonio Lozano

Retrato de la escritora surcoreana Mirinae Lee. Crédito: Roser Ninot.

Retrato de la escritora surcoreana Mirinae Lee. Crédito: Roser Ninot.

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La historia de Corea resume como pocas el convulso siglo XX: víctima de las sangrientas ansias expansionistas de Japón durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, seguida de una guerra entre el Sur y el Norte que fue el primer gran conflicto de la Guerra Fría y acabó en una traumática separación definitiva. A esto se une la conversión de Corea del Norte en la última dictadura comunista del mundo, amén del país más inexpugnable y fuente de relatos escalofriantes sobre el día a día de sus habitantes y la odisea de tantos que quisieron escapar hacia la libertad. Con este trasfondo histórico, y la inspiración de las historias de su tía abuela, Mirinae Lee, original de Seúl, ha firmado una primera novela de apabullante madurez, donde confluyen un montón de temas e intereses: el amor, la amistad, los vínculos familiares, la guerra, las aventuras, los abusos contra las mujeres, los conflictos morales, el peso de la memoria, las tácticas de supervivencia y la reflexión sobre la importancia a la hora de contar bien una historia.

En el centro del libro hay un personaje fascinante, la señora Mook Miran, que pasa sus últimos años en una residencia, donde compañeros y personal desconocen que ha tenido una existencia plagada de episodios inverosímiles, conteniendo numerosos traumas y peripecias, múltiples identidades y secretos de aquellos que uno preferiría llevarse a la tumba. La forma de sacarlos a la luz llega en la forma de una trabajadora de la residencia, empecinada en charlar con los ancianos para que les cuenten su vida de cara a escribir una necrológica que les alivie, les haga justicia y que sirva de ofrenda a sus seres queridos. Lo que nunca podría haber imaginado es que la señora Mook Miran va a romperle todos los esquemas. A las puertas de cumplir un siglo, elige siete palabras para auto definirse: esclava, escapista, asesina, terrorista, espía, amante y madre. Porque ésas son las identidades que Mook ha tenido que asumir, marcadas por la pérdida, la pasión y las ansias de vivir. De este modo, lo que parecía una invitación inocente se transforma en una confesión largamente postergada, en la que Mook abre la puerta a su pasado: una niñez en la Corea ocupada, una juventud rota por la guerra y las decisiones que forjaron su destino. Frente a su inesperada confidente, empieza a desvelarse una mujer capaz de adaptarse, resistir y amar, incluso cuando llega el momento de enfrentar el misterio de su octava y última vida.

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Las 8 vidas de una centenaria sin nombre

¿Cuántas vidas se necesitan para sobrevivir a las turbulencias de las guerras de Corea?
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LENGUA: ¿La literatura comenzó a cobrar importancia en su vida de una forma temprana?

Mirinae Lee: Aunque a estas alturas ya pueda sonar a cliché contestar afirmativamente a esta pregunta si eres escritora, no hay otra forma de ponerlo. No tuve una infancia que pueda considerarse «ideal» bajo ninguna luz, de modo que la literatura y el cine fueron mi pasaporte a otros mundos. Sin ellos sería una persona muy diferente de aquella en la que me he convertido. Puede sonar melodramático pero lo cierto es que me salvaron la infancia, de modo que la literatura fue sin duda importante, aunque el adjetivo no le hace plena justicia.

LENGUA: ¿Hasta qué punto los episodios más atroces del pasado reciente de Corea eran tema de conversación en el ámbito familiar cuando era pequeña? 

Mirinae Lee: Los episodios de violencia extrema como guerras, aunque no fueras testigos de ellos o un superviviente, no dejan de afectarte y su impacto permanece dentro de ti durante mucho tiempo. La generación de mis abuelos fue la primera en vivir de primera mano las experiencias bélicas, mientras que mi padre era muy niño. De todos modos, entre la generación de mi padre hubo mucho alcoholismo, incluyéndolo a él y a mi tío. Y mi generación, que ni remotamente pasó por aquel trauma, sigue sintiendo su sombra ya que todo ese dolor va goteando hacia abajo, a los que vienen detrás y anidando en la sociedad, con independencia del momento histórico. Lo mismo ocurre con las dictaduras, que quizá no te tocó experimentar, pero su eco acaba permeando el modo en que piensas y actúas. La triste verdad es que los efectos del Mal con mayúsculas son insidiosos y a muy largo plazo.

«De niña apenas leía literatura de mi país a lo que se sumaba el hecho de que la mayoría de las voces eran masculinas. Ahora la situación ha dado un vuelco radical: las mujeres somos la principal fuerza literaria del país».

LENGUA: ¿Cree que las mujeres surcoreanas con aspiraciones literarias no lo tienen fácil en Corea del Sur porque tradicionalmente no se las ha animado a ser escritoras? 

Mirinae Lee: Las cosas han cambiado mucho y a gran velocidad en las últimas décadas. Recuerdo que de niña apenas leía literatura de mi país, casi toda procedía de Estados Unidos y Francia, porque carecíamos de variedad en al apartado temático, a lo que se sumaba el hecho de que la mayoría de las voces eran masculinas. Ahora la situación ha dado un vuelco radical. Las mujeres somos la principal fuerza literaria del país, algo que ha quedado patente estos días [octubre de 2025] en el festival Kosmópolis del CCCB, donde hemos participado cinco o seis mujeres coreanas. ¡Imagina hasta donde habrá llegado la situación que un periodista surcoreano que me entrevistó el año pasado se me quejó de la dificultad de hallar voces jóvenes masculinas en el panorama local actual! Estoy muy feliz de que revirtiéramos una anomalía y una injusticia tan flagrantes.

LENGUA: ¿Qué la impulsó a estudiar Literatura Inglesa en la Universidad de Columbia? ¿Por aquel entonces la idea de perseguir una carrera literaria ya había cristalizado en su cabeza? 

Mirinae Lee: Aunque el sueño de llegar a dedicarme a la escritura fue el primero que de niña cautivó mi imaginación, la combinación de crecer en Corea del Sur, donde algo así no era fomentado, y la improbabilidad de por sí de ganarse la vida con ello me desalentaron. Hablamos de los años noventa, de nuevo un momento muy diferente al de hoy en día. Tampoco es que nadie quisiera disuadirme exprofeso, fue solo un ejercicio natural de realismo.  Sin embargo, muchos años después, cuando me encontraba en la mitad o a finales de la veintena, el deseo o la aspiración resurgió con fuerza. Tomé conciencia de que escribir era algo que amaba tanto que necesitaba darle una oportunidad, digamos que quería espantar la posibilidad de que el fantasma del arrepentimiento por no haberlo intentado me persiguiera. Por fortuna, escribir es algo que todo el mundo dotado de tiempo, habilidad y un ordenador (o, en su defecto, papel y bolígrafo) puede hacer, no es lo mismo que tocar el violín. Estudiar Literatura Inglesa era una manera de estar en contacto con ese deseo, aunque de nuevo no como salida profesional de por vida, ya que en ese sentido mis miras estaban puestas en el Derecho. La ironía es que una vez me puse a ejercer la abogacía me di cuenta de que no era lo mío y entonces tomé la determinación de volver al sueño de la escritura con la ambición de ganarme el pan con él.

Retrato de Mirinae Lee. Créditos: Roser Ninot.

Mirinae Lee. Crédito: Roser Ninot.

LENGUA: La semilla de la novela fue su tía abuela, pese a que no fue capaz de compartir sus experiencias vitales con usted. ¿De qué maneras le resultó inspiradora?

Mirinae Lee: El avanzado estado de su alzhéimer le impidió brindarme un relato coherente de su vida, pero eso no quitó que su periplo desde Corea del Norte a Corea del Sur, pasando por China, acabó siendo el arco principal de mi libro. Con todo, los detalles no son suyos, y no sé si de haberle podido preguntar me habría explicado nada pues era una etapa de su vida sobre la que guardaba un férreo silencio. Debemos pensar que al abandonar a su esposo e hijos en Corea del Norte los colocó en una situación de gran riesgo dado que los familiares de los desertores solían sufrir represalias y eran víctimas el oprobio. El dolor y la vergüenza seguían muy presentes para ella. Al final la novela fue el resultado de mezclar mi imaginación desbocada con un proceso de documentación acerca de determinados episodios históricos de Corea del Sur.  Ahora bien, los rasgos embaucadores de mi protagonista sí que los cogí directamente prestados de mi tía abuela, la persona más inteligente y auténtica que he conocido, a la vez que con un punto alocado y excéntrico. Adoraba el conocimiento, de aquí que en un momento en el que a las mujeres se les prohibía el acceso a una plena educación, ella se aplicó al autodidactismo hasta aprender tres idiomas, igual que mi protagonista. Debe decirse que, al contrario que el grueso de las mujeres de su generación, no brillaba por su modestia, le encantaba alardear de conocimientos.

«Los que han pasado por experiencias muy traumáticas necesitan conformar un relato de su sufrimiento y posterior supervivencia que puede no ajustarse a la realidad, pero en esta fabulación yace parte de su proceso de sanación».

LENGUA: Al hilo de esto, con una lianta como personaje principal siempre flota en el ambiente la cuestión de cuán fiable es su testimonio, aunque en cierto modo esto convierte la novela en un reflejo del modo en que todos imaginamos y coloreamos partes de nuestra vida. Expresado de otro modo, somos los cronistas o novelistas de nuestras propias experiencias. ¿Está de acuerdo?

Mirinae Lee: Por supuesto. Una de las características más singulares de mi tía abuela era que se trataba de una mentirosa consumada, aunque en su descargo también diría que narraba sus historias con un talento que las hacía fascinantes. Algunas de ellas eran directamente imposibles en un sentido científico. Por ejemplo, nos contó que durante su estancia en China conoció a una anciana gurú que le enseñó a correr tan rápido por la superficie del agua que no llegaba a hundirse, remedando lo que hace una piedra lisa que lanzas con fuerza y a una determinada inclinación. ¿Quién iba a creerse algo así? Pero esto no impedía que disfrutáramos tanto de sus relatos que ni siquiera llegábamos a reprocharle su inverosimilitud. Los que han pasado por experiencias muy traumáticas necesitan conformar un relato de su sufrimiento y posterior supervivencia que puede no ajustarse a la realidad, pero en esta fabulación yace parte de su proceso de sanación. Siempre que detrás de una modificación de la verdad al hablar de episodios trágicos como una guerra no exista una intención de mentir o manipular, me parece un ejercicio comprensible. Por otro lado, al final del día, todos los autores de ficción somos mentirosos profesionales, inventamos a partir de hechos reales. 

LENGUA: Su novela tiene momentos muy crudos, pero también abundan los que ofrecen consuelo, la alegría y la tristeza bailan un constante pas de deux. ¿Cuán importante era para usted alcanzar esta suerte de equilibrio?

Mirinae Lee: Agradezco que señale este equilibrio ya que muchos lectores se quedaron solo con el impacto de la violencia brutal cometida contra las mujeres en el marco de la guerra, sobre todo en lo referente a las trabajadoras sexuales, llegando a encontrar algunas escenas tan gráficas que les supuso un esfuerzo seguir adelante. Y lo entiendo porque cada cual tiene el baremo de la sensibilidad en un punto muy personal. Sin embargo, es reconfortante que se advierta la luz y oscuridad que busqué transmitir porque el tono del libro reproduce la esencia desdoblada de la protagonista, tan capaz de hacer el bien como de hacer el mal, y también la realidad de que en medio de la situación más terrible que uno pueda imaginar, como una guerra, siempre se producen gestos de amabilidad, la gente se enamora y se ríe. Mi intención fue aligerar la tragedia para hacerle justicia a la mezcla de positividad y negatividad en cualquier circunstancia de la vida.

LENGUA: ¿Durante la escritura de la novela aprendió algo relevador o llegó a algún conocimiento nuevo en relación con el tema de la supervivencia, por ejemplo, quien está más capacitado para alcanzarla y quién no?

Mirinae Lee: Por un lado, confirmé la sospecha de que escribir puede ser una herramienta muy útil a la hora de sobrevivir. Aunque no poseas capacidad de decisión en contextos terribles, como una guerra o la esclavitud sexual, ser capaz de recordarlo y digerirlo a tu manera, recurriendo a tus propias palabras, te concede una sensación de acción o intervención. Volcarlo ya es importante, pero si además dispones de oyentes o tus lectores, individuos que se tomaran la molestia de prestarte atención, puede ser otro factor clave a la hora de ayudarte a sentirte mejor con tu vida (no hablaría de superación de los hechos porque hay algunas heridas demasiado profundas) y contribuir a reforzar tu salud mental. Esta pregunta me ha traído a la cabeza una lectura que me impresionó mucho, El hombre en busca de sentido, de Viktor Frankl, un superviviente de los campos de concentración nazis, obra en la que exponía que aquellos que lograron escapar del horror fueron en gran medida los que cuidaron de sí mismos en pequeños detalles como mantenerse limpios, lavarse los dientes o acicalarse mínimamente. Imagino que esta idea de no abandonarse por completo, de cumplir con ciertas rutinas y cuidados, como ejercicio de autoafirmación es extrapolable a cualquier contexto infernal.

Retrato de Mirinae Lee. Créditos: Roser Ninot.

Mirinae Lee. Crédito: Roser Ninot.

LENGUA: El amor y la amistad en están en el centro de su libro, sirviéndonos el consuelo de que son capaces de brotar en las situaciones más desesperadas. 

Mirinae Lee: El otro día acudía a la charla que ofreció Art Spiegelman en el festival Kosmópolis, cuya obra Maus seguramente sea el cómic más famoso que jamás se haya escrito sobre los campos de concentración. En el transcurso de la misma, salió a colación una escena en la que el padre, un superviviente de la Shoah, le responde crudamente a su hijo, que le está hablando de sus amigos, algo en las líneas de «mantén encerradas a cien personas en una habitación sin comer durante tres días y descubrirás que la amistad no existe». Qué duda cabe de que no hay mayor desafío para la amistad que cuando te envuelve una situación atroz, violenta y extrema. Sin embargo, aún y así se producen actos de bondad y generosidad entre las personas, muestras de comunicación emocional, e incluso llega a florecer el amor donde parecía más improbable. Todas estas realidades me las expusieron algunos supervivientes y quise reflejarlas en la novela. 

LENGUA: ¿Puede explicarnos un poco cómo fue el proceso de documentación? ¿Diría que fue una manera de reconectar con sus raíces?

Mirinae Lee: Al no ser una historiadora sino una novelista, tuve que leer mucho sobre el periodo que abarca el libro, pero no tanto con el propósito de recopilar datos y llegar a los hechos históricos como de alcanzar la verdad emocional de las personas. De aquí que, aunque me empara de ficciones y no ficciones vinculadas a mi relato, los títulos más útiles y preciados fueron los testimonios, ya fueran en forma de libros, grabaciones e incluso cortometrajes animados. A esto se suma que trabajé como voluntaria dando clases de inglés a desertores jóvenes de Corea del Norte. Curiosamente, jamás llegué a sentarme con ellos de cara a entrevistarlos, porque me hubiese parecido raro e incluso incómodo, pero al pasar tanto tiempo a su lado fui recopilando anécdotas muy jugosas sobre sus vidas en Corea del Norte, una gran parte de las cuales acabé llevándolas al libro. Un ejemplo es el de la joven que arriesga la vida viendo culebrones del Sur en su dormitorio universitario en Pyongyang gracias a poseer dos reproductores de vídeo que confunden a la policía.

«Igual que nos puede resultar más fácil abrir nuestros corazones y hablar con total honestidad delante de extraños que de gente querida a la que podríamos herir, escribir en una segunda lengua me otorgó la distancia y la libertad necesaria para ver las cosas desde otros ángulos».

LENGUA: ¿Qué la decidió a renunciar a la explicación cronológica de los hechos que conforman su novela?

Mirinae Lee: Para empezar fue por mi propia comodidad, ya que el primer capítulo nació como un relato. Como siempre había albergado el deseo de escribir sobre mi tía abuela, al finalizarlo pensé, «¿Y si este personaje extraño y misterioso que lo protagoniza en realidad ha sido inspirado por su figura?». De modo que me puse a expandirlo en forma de pequeñas historias que abarcaran diferentes momentos de su vida hasta que al final advertí que había moldeado lo que en Estados Unidos llaman «una novela en relatos». No deja de ser una novela sobre la existencia al completo de una mujer, aunque cada capítulo funciona de manera independiente. Cuando llevaba escrito la mitad del libro, leí Oliver Kitteridge de Elizabeth Strout, que me encantó y que al seguir el mismo esquema me alivió al ver que existía un precedente tan bien ejecutado. Al mismo tiempo creo que un planteamiento así le hacía justicia a las variadas personas y vidas por las que atravesó el personaje, es decir, un estilo narrativo fragmentado representa con acierto a una persona caleidoscópica y mutante. 

LENGUA: El libro abre con la bonita idea de recopilar recuerdos de la gente anciana con vistas a que formen parte del legado de sus seres queridos. ¿Cómo surgió?

Mirinae Lee: Arrancar con el capítulo de la residencia de ancianos -algo que en un principio no tenía previsto- debió estar motivado por el hecho de que fue en una de ellas donde vi a mi tía abuela por última vez, cuando ya el alzhéimer que se la llevaría estaba en una fase muy avanzada. Tanto si a tu muerte van a sobrevivirte familiares y amigos como si no, la posibilidad de contar tu propia historia te concede la posibilidad de insuflar participación y dirección a la etapa final de tu existencia. Hoy en día pasamos tanto tiempo a solas con nuestras pantallas, en las redes sociales y demás, y tan poco escuchando a los otros compartir sus vivencias y consejos, que alentar algo así es uno de los gestos más bellos que se me ocurren, especialmente con personas a las que les queda poco tiempo.   

LENGUA: ¿Cómo piensa que la voz y el estilo cambian cuando uno no escribe en su lengua materna? ¿En qué aspectos cree que su novela se benefició del cambio? ¿Hubo también sacrificios?

Mirinae Lee: Creo que, de alguna manera, igual que nos puede resultar más fácil abrir nuestros corazones y hablar con total honestidad delante de extraños que de gente querida a la que podríamos herir, escribir en una segunda lengua me otorgó la distancia y la libertad necesaria para ver las cosas desde otros ángulos. De haber recurrido al coreano habría sido demasiado íntimo y quizá incluso doloroso, en especial al abordar episodios traumáticos de mis familiares. Para mí el inglés es un idioma completamente ajeno, no creo que leyera ningún libro en él hasta que estuve en la veintena, de aquí que jamás imaginé que lo utilizaría como vehículo de expresión literaria. En cualquier caso, fue un accidente maravilloso, que como extra disminuyó el peligro de incurrir en la auto censura, en mi caso por no temer tanto la reacción de mis familiares coreanos.    

LENGUA: ¿Qué tres palabras escogería para resumir su vida hasta este momento?

Mirinae Lee: Me temo que no voy a ser tan creativa como la protagonista de mi novela, sino mucho más aburrida, pero no por ello faltaré a la verdad, Así que ahí van: Amante/Madre/Escritora.

OTROS CONTENIDOS DE INTERÉS:

«La vegetariana», de Han Kang: la metamorfosis radical de una mujer cualquiera

«La turista», de Yun Ko-eun: de vacaciones en una distopía

Sonriente y nuclear: Corea del Norte, la tierra del último líder comunista

Jon Sistiaga: aquella guerra, todas las guerras

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