Entrevistas

«Presentes»: Paco Cerdà, José Antonio y el juego de espejos de una España rota

El 20 de noviembre de 1936, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, fundador de Falange, fue fusilado a los 33 años en Alicante. A pesar de ser el líder de un partido minoritario, su figura se convirtió en un símbolo para el bando insurrecto que luchaba en la guerra civil. Tres años después, en un país destrozado por la barbarie, sus restos fueron trasladados desde Alicante hasta El Escorial por un cortejo fúnebre victorioso, un macabro desfile que reflejaba la necesidad de reconstrucción simbólica de la nueva España mientras los derrotados –exiliados, fusilados y presos– contaban su propia historia de sufrimiento y resistencia. En «Presentes» (Alfaguara), Paco Cerdà revive esta historia y aporta una nueva mirada a los eventos trágicos del pasado de nuestro país dando nueva vida tanto a los héroes anónimos como a figuras históricas como Miguel Hernández y Elena Fortún. Hablamos con él sobre estos hechos.

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Tres a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, en un pa\u00eds destrozado por la barbarie, sus restos fueron trasladados desde Alicante hasta El Escorial por un cortejo f\u00fanebre victorioso, un macabro desfile que reflejaba la necesidad de reconstrucci\u00f3n simb\u00f3lica de la nueva Espa\u00f1a mientras los derrotados \u2013exiliados, fusilados y presos\u2013 contaban su propia historia de sufrimiento y resistencia. En \u00abPresentes\u00bb (Alfaguara), Paco Cerd\u00e0 revive esta historia y aporta una nueva mirada a los eventos tr\u00e1gicos del pasado de nuestro pa\u00eds dando nueva vida tanto a los h\u00e9roes an\u00f3nimos como a figuras hist\u00f3ricas como Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez y Elena Fort\u00fan. 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cuanto a mi pr\u00f3xima muerte, la espero sin jactancia, porque nunca es alegre morir a mi edad, pero sin protesta\u00bb. El 20 de noviembre de 1936, un pelot\u00f3n republicano fusilaba en el patio de la c\u00e1rcel de Alicante a un joven de 33 a\u00f1os, l\u00edder de un partido min\u00fasculo que, sin embargo, estaba a punto de convertirse en un mito, una leyenda, un santo laico para el bando de militares insurrectos que se hab\u00eda alzado contra la legalidad democr\u00e1tica apenas unos meses antes abismando a Espa\u00f1a en la guerra civil. En el estremecedor testamento que el magn\u00e9tico <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libro-de-biografias\/11704-libro-jose-antonio-9788499927060\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Jos\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera<\/a><\/span>, jefe de Falange, escribi\u00f3 antes de morir, se mostraba tal vez no arrepentido, pero s\u00ed conciliador, y llamaba a detener una carnicer\u00eda que no hab\u00eda hecho m\u00e1s que empezar.<\/p><p>Otro 20 de noviembre, tres a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, una extra\u00f1a y on\u00edrica comitiva se puso en marcha entre las ruinas de un pa\u00eds desbaratado. La guerra hab\u00eda terminado con la victoria de los ej\u00e9rcitos de Franco y urg\u00eda una reconstrucci\u00f3n no solo material sino tambi\u00e9n simb\u00f3lica. De tal forma, un cortejo f\u00fanebre de los vencedores transport\u00f3 a pie desde Alicante a El Escorial, durante 467 kil\u00f3metros, entre antorchas y camisas azules, los restos de aquel joven que no est\u00e1 muy claro que se hubiera llevado muy bien con sus exaltadores. Y, mientras tanto, durante aquellos once d\u00edas y diez noches, depurados, exiliados, presos y fusilados se hallaban tambi\u00e9n presentes para contar otra historia, una historia de derrota pero tambi\u00e9n de resistencia.<\/p><p><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/348661-ebook-presentes-9788420479118?sqr=presentes\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em>Presentes<\/em><\/span><\/a> (Alfaguara) es el t\u00edtulo del libro fantasm\u00e1tico, desgarrador y deslumbrante con el que el valenciano Paco Cerd\u00e0 (1985) confirma su posici\u00f3n en primera l\u00ednea de la nueva generaci\u00f3n de escritores internacionales que, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/benito-mussolini-antonio-scurati\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">como ha hecho Antonio Scurati con Mussolini<\/a><\/span>, han insuflado vida nueva en la manera tradicional de narrar los hechos m\u00e1s terribles del oscuro pasado reciente de Europa. Y sin miedo de buscar la voz de sus villanos. Siguiendo la traza de libros anteriores como <em>El pe\u00f3n<\/em> (2020) o <em>14 de abril<\/em> (2022), Cerd\u00e1 vuelve a demostrar su capacidad para atender a lo muy grande y lo muy peque\u00f1o con una gran literatura, casi elegiaca, sin perder pie en los fanatismos y pendencias que tantas veces hacen naufragar estas singladuras. Y qu\u00e9 bot\u00edn de historias. Las de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, Miguel de Molina, Elena Fort\u00fan, la Guiomar de Machado y otros personajes c\u00e9lebres y an\u00f3nimos que pueblan estas 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Leemos al comenzar el libro: \u00abPara que el pueblo idealice al candidato al que casi nadie vot\u00f3 medio a\u00f1o antes de ser fusilado\u00bb. A diferencia de Alemania e Italia, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/podcast\/revista-lengua-podcast-puede-volver-el-fascismo\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">el fascismo en Espa\u00f1a<\/a><\/span> antes de la guerra era residual, \u00bfverdad?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> Esa es una de las claves. En Italia, <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/7081-libro-m-el-hijo-del-siglo-9788420437941\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Mussolini estuvo veinti\u00fan a\u00f1os dirigiendo el partido fascista<\/a><\/span> y gobern\u00f3. <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/no-ficcion\/george-orwell-mein-kampf-adolf-hitler\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Hitler estuvo veinticuatro a\u00f1os y gobern\u00f3<\/a><\/span>. Jos\u00e9 Antonio s\u00f3lo fue tres a\u00f1os jefe nacional de la Falange Espa\u00f1ola y no es que no gobernara, es que logr\u00f3 el 0,4% de los votos, 46.000 papeletas, en las elecciones de 1936. La irrelevancia en t\u00e9rminos representativos del fascismo espa\u00f1ol contrasta, y ese es uno de los asuntos m\u00e1s interesantes de este libro, con el mito que fue capaz de construir el franquismo al elevar a m\u00e1rtir a alguien que no fue capaz de convencer m\u00e1s que a 46.000 personas en un pa\u00eds de 26 millones.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Y, sin embargo, quienes conocieron a Primo de Rivera le recuerdan como una figura dotada de un gran magnetismo personal. Ferlosio, al que Jos\u00e9 Antonio tuvo en brazos cuando era ni\u00f1o, dec\u00eda adem\u00e1s que era guap\u00edsimo.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> Fue un seductor, una persona inteligente con un importante don para la ret\u00f3rica y tambi\u00e9n un intelectual al que le encantaba rodearse de una corte literaria. Por todo ello, contrasta mucho con <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libro-de-biografias\/18983-ebook-franco-edicion-actualizada-9788499926193\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Franco, un militar iletrado que odiaba la inteligencia<\/a><\/span>. Pero tambi\u00e9n es verdad que el discurso de la Falange resultaba demasiado naif y literario para la Espa\u00f1a de entonces. M\u00e1s que discurso parec\u00eda un relato. Hoy el ideario de Jos\u00e9 Antonio nos incomoda porque defend\u00eda algunas cosas que podr\u00edamos compartir. Dec\u00eda que por Espa\u00f1a era l\u00edcito matar, pero tambi\u00e9n dec\u00eda que el capitalismo era una estafa para los trabajadores y hab\u00eda que nacionalizar la banca y atender a la justicia social.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"iglcpy2\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00ab\u00bfQu\u00e9 estar\u00eda pasando en Espa\u00f1a al mismo tiempo que aquel cortejo, durante aquellos once d\u00edas? \u00bfC\u00f3mo lo vivir\u00edan otras vidas min\u00fasculas? Porque en aquellos once d\u00edas se cimentaron las bases simb\u00f3licas de la dictadura y tambi\u00e9n se asentaron las bases de la represi\u00f3n y de la resistencia\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"2q7mj2m\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: \u00bfT\u00fa tambi\u00e9n te has rendido a su hechizo?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> No por una frontera b\u00e1sica: la violencia. No podemos nunca perder de vista que Jos\u00e9 Antonio abogaba por el uso de la violencia, es cierto que en unos a\u00f1os en los que la violencia era moneda com\u00fan en muchos \u00e1mbitos ideol\u00f3gicos distintos. Pero s\u00ed que es cierto que he apreciado el valor de esa corte intelectual que quer\u00eda levantar el list\u00f3n del debate en este pa\u00eds. Y digo esto sin pretender banalizar la capacidad de seducci\u00f3n del mal. Y el mal es la violencia. Como hizo Scurati con Mussolini, hay que entender c\u00f3mo funcionan ciertos mecanismos que han sido parte de nuestra historia, si bien en muchas ocasiones de forma nefasta. Y la mejor manera es acercarnos a su ambiente, como he buscado yo en este libro. Una inmersi\u00f3n literal y literaria de c\u00f3mo germin\u00f3 y se engrandeci\u00f3 aquella figura pol\u00edtica menor en sus inicios que fue Jos\u00e9 Antonio. 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Todo empez\u00f3 con un v\u00eddeo, cuentas al final del libro. <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dSaXtRtMzwA\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Aquel v\u00eddeo del traslado de los restos de Jos\u00e9 Antonio entre Alicante y El Escorial<\/a><\/span>, entre hogueras, en una Espa\u00f1a destruida y hambrienta que erigi\u00f3 un santo secular para la dictadura, \u00bfera demasiado bueno y poco conocido como para no contarlo?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> As\u00ed fue. Al igual que me hab\u00eda ocurrido con mi libro anterior, <em>El pe\u00f3n,<\/em> cuya mecha prendi\u00f3 mientras ve\u00eda un Informe Robinson sobre <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arturo_Pomar_(ajedrecista)\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Arturito Pomar<\/a><\/span>, tambi\u00e9n por cierto instrumentalizado por el franquismo. Entonces invent\u00e9 un dispositivo de setenta y siete fragmentos literarios como setenta y siete movimientos tuvo la partida de Pomar contra Bobby Fischer para contar la historia de otros muchos peones sacrificados en el altar de una causa colectiva: antifranquistas, exiliados, falangistas, curas\u2026 Ahora he vuelto a hacer algo parecido. Encontr\u00e9 hace unos a\u00f1os por azar en YouTube <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lGBMog20Gag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">un v\u00eddeo rodado en 1939 y titulado Presente en el entierro de Jos\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera<\/a><\/span>. Y vi una Espa\u00f1a tan fascista que me costaba reconocerla. \u00bfC\u00f3mo era posible? Estamos acostumbrados a la brutalidad y el fe\u00edsmo del franquismo, pero esto ocurri\u00f3 en los primeros meses de la dictadura y exhib\u00eda una pl\u00e1stica fascista asombrosa: hachones de fuego, hogueras, antorchas, caminatas interminables, d\u00eda y noche, bajo el fr\u00edo invernal, la soledad de los campos de Castilla. Y todo para trasladar a un muerto. La cultura de la muerte guiando a todo un pa\u00eds. Aquellas im\u00e1genes me impactaron mucho y me pregunt\u00e9 c\u00f3mo habr\u00eda sido en realidad aquel cortejo. Soy periodista y me gusta contar una buena historia, pero lo que en seguida se activ\u00f3 en m\u00ed fue la pulsi\u00f3n de pensar un juego de espejos: \u00bfqu\u00e9 estar\u00eda pasando en Espa\u00f1a al mismo tiempo que aquel cortejo, durante aquellos once d\u00edas? \u00bfC\u00f3mo lo vivir\u00edan otras vidas min\u00fasculas? Porque en aquellos once d\u00edas se cimentaron las bases simb\u00f3licas de la dictadura y tambi\u00e9n se asentaron las bases de la represi\u00f3n y de la resistencia.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Del <em>ausente<\/em> al <em>presente.<\/em> La muerte de Jos\u00e9 Antonio se ocult\u00f3 en el bando nacional hasta muy tarde. De no haber sido ejecutado, \u00bfpodr\u00eda haber impedido la Unificaci\u00f3n e incluso haber sido un competidor para Franco?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> Te confieso que he dedicado muy poco tiempo a imaginar esos escenarios. No me interesa mucho la historia-ficci\u00f3n. S\u00ed dir\u00eda que a Franco no le interesaba un Jos\u00e9 Antonio vivo, pero muerto s\u00ed le result\u00f3 muy \u00fatil. Ellos dos solo coincidieron una vez. No se soportaban. El franquismo convirti\u00f3 a Jos\u00e9 Antonio en un santo laico despojado de su tiempo, ahist\u00f3rico, una virtud vaciada. De haber resucitado, por decirlo de forma burda, el jefe de Falange habr\u00eda alucinado con el r\u00e9gimen.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"2zsgeyq\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abHoy el ideario de Jos\u00e9 Antonio nos incomoda porque defend\u00eda algunas cosas que podr\u00edamos compartir. Dec\u00eda que por Espa\u00f1a era l\u00edcito matar, pero tambi\u00e9n dec\u00eda que el capitalismo era una estafa para los trabajadores y hab\u00eda que nacionalizar la banca y atender a la justicia social\u00bb.\u00a0<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"3qqn65y\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: Cuenta la leyenda que, en sus \u00faltimos momentos, Jos\u00e9 Antonio se mostraba sinceramente arrepentido de haber contribuido a la carnicer\u00eda de la guerra civil, casi parece que es un moderado. \u00bfEs cre\u00edble o solo una comprensible y desesperada operaci\u00f3n para salvarse?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> Es una duda interesante pero muy dif\u00edcil de dilucidar. Jos\u00e9 Antonio fue fusilado en el patio de una c\u00e1rcel a los 33 a\u00f1os. Se nos olvida lo joven que era. Es imposible regodearse en algo tan tr\u00e1gico. Y su familia sufri\u00f3 mucho, un hermano y un t\u00edo suyo fueron tambi\u00e9n fusilados\u2026 \u00a1No se puede comparar con Franco! Franco dio el golpe, hizo la guerra y firm\u00f3 un mont\u00f3n de sentencias de muerte. Jos\u00e9 Antonio fue fusilado cuando la guerra apenas llevaba cuatro meses. \u00bfQu\u00e9 males podemos atribuirle entonces? No s\u00e9 si mostrarse reconciliador en sus momentos finales fue o no un ardid. Pero s\u00ed s\u00e9 que su testamento final est\u00e1 lleno de sentimiento. Es un documento hist\u00f3rico interesant\u00edsimo para comprender el estado de un hombre que contribuy\u00f3 a incendiar el clima pol\u00edtico de este pa\u00eds, un admirador de Benito Mussolini, no precisamente el padre \u00c1ngel, y que en ese momento clama que la guerra es un error, pide que pare y se ofrece para contribuir a conformar un gobierno de unidad nacional. Debemos contrastar el Jos\u00e9 Antonio final con el Jos\u00e9 Antonio camorrista inicial. Me gusta creer que me acerco a la historia de una forma compleja y sin manique\u00edsmos.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Si Falange Espa\u00f1ola fue m\u00e1s una generaci\u00f3n literaria que un movimiento pol\u00edtico, no podemos decir que legara versos precisamente inolvidables, \u00bfverdad?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> Es que media entre nosotros y aquella literatura un obst\u00e1culo insalvable: no es literatura inocente. Las plumas de la corte literaria falangista resultan muy desiguales, pero, en cualquier caso, s\u00ed eran muy eficaces para el prop\u00f3sito que pretend\u00edan. Agust\u00edn de Fox\u00e1, Rafael S\u00e1nchez Mazas, Dionisio Ridruejo, el en todos los sentidos descomunal Gim\u00e9nez Caballero. Ley\u00e9ndoles aprendemos c\u00f3mo se construy\u00f3 todo un relato rom\u00e1ntico y apasionado que no deja indiferente. En <em>Presentes<\/em> quise que, de alguna manera, vibrara todo aquello en los pasajes del cortejo de Jos\u00e9 Antonio para ponernos en situaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"gewlu8t\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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Cerd\u00e0. Cr\u00e9dito: Jeosm.\",\"link_to\":\"none\",\"link\":{\"is_external\":\"\",\"url\":\"\"},\"view\":\"traditional\",\"section_style_image\":\"\",\"space\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1},\"hover_animation\":\"\",\"image_border_border\":\"\",\"image_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_border_color\":\"\",\"image_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"image_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"image\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"suk72ws\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p style=\\\"text-align: right;\\\">Paco Cerd\u00e0. Cr\u00e9dito:\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/jeosm.com\/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Jeosm<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"\",\"typography_typography\":\"\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"2\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"g8xrrh7\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"\",\"layout\":\"boxed\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>LENGUA: <\/strong><b><span style=\\\"mso-fareast-language: EN-US;\\\">Quiero preguntarte por tu fascinaci\u00f3n por Pilar Primo de Rivera, la herman\u00edsima que ya sal\u00eda en <em>El pe\u00f3n,<\/em> a la que describes como un monstruo de ambici\u00f3n, \u00abuna mujer que predicaba sin el ejemplo\u00bb.<\/span><o:p><\/o:p><\/b><\/p><p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/libro-de-biografias\/31388-libro-la-pasion-de-pilar-primo-de-rivera-9788401346736\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Pilar Primo de Rivera<\/a><\/span><span style=\\\"mso-fareast-language: EN-US;\\\"> muestra c\u00f3mo el cinismo a veces puede conseguir sus ambiciones. Ped\u00eda a las mujeres que se casaran y ella no se cas\u00f3. Que tuvieran hijos y ella no los tuvo. Que se quedaran en el hogar y ella era un monstruo de la arena p\u00fablica con unas tremendas dotes de liderazgo. Dirigi\u00f3 el movimiento femenino m\u00e1s grande la historia de Espa\u00f1a, la Secci\u00f3n Femenina, que tanta influencia tuvo en las conciencias de las mujeres de este pa\u00eds. Su figura es una especie de eslab\u00f3n perdido entre las nuevas mujeres de la II Rep\u00fablica como <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Las_Sinsombrero\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">las Sinsombrero<\/a><\/span>, que consigue el voto femenino, y la posterior mujer espa\u00f1ola de la dictadura presa del hogar. Su hermano, adem\u00e1s, le fascinaba y no dud\u00f3 en enfrentarse por \u00e9l a Franco ni en aplastar a todas sus competidoras. No era f\u00e1cil ser una mujer as\u00ed en 1939.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"zl2q7fz\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abFranco y Primo de Rivera solo coincidieron una vez. No se soportaban. El franquismo convirti\u00f3 a Jos\u00e9 Antonio en un santo laico despojado de su tiempo, ahist\u00f3rico, una virtud vaciada. De haber resucitado, por decirlo de forma burda, el jefe de la Falange habr\u00eda alucinado con el r\u00e9gimen\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"a27940j\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p><strong>LENGUA: Presentes, aunque tambi\u00e9n escondidos y muertos de miedo, est\u00e1n aqu\u00ed los derrotados que van pespunteando tu relato. \u00bfEs ese coro tr\u00e1gico el verdadero protagonista de esta historia?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> \u00a1S\u00ed! Por eso est\u00e1n en el t\u00edtulo: <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eQ3IMIZKJtc\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Presentes<\/a><\/em><\/span>. En aquellos once d\u00edas coinciden tres grandes estrategias, la exaltaci\u00f3n, la apropiaci\u00f3n y la ocultaci\u00f3n. Esta ocultaci\u00f3n era lo que m\u00e1s me apetec\u00eda reconstruir y tambi\u00e9n lo m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil. Conectar distintos tipos de resistencias y represiones que confluyeran durante aquellos once d\u00edas. El atrezo del cortejo f\u00fanebre es el pueblo que sale a la calle porque no le quedan m\u00e1s cojones de mostrar compunci\u00f3n y levantar el brazo. Pero el protagonista real es eso que t\u00fa has llamado coro tr\u00e1gico. Y hab\u00eda tragedia, s\u00ed, pero tambi\u00e9n \u00e9pica, la \u00e9pica de la resistencia que late en los campos de trabajos forzados, en las c\u00e1rceles, en el exilio o en los documentos \u00edntimos. Cuando yo leo las cartas de aquellas gentes, siento que me acerco m\u00e1s que nunca a la verdad de la historia. Mucho m\u00e1s que en la prensa y en los archivos. Las cartas de Marcelino a su esposa Benigna, por ejemplo, desde el campo de Francia, con todas sus obsesiones, del Quijote a los bichos, mientras le asegura que, pese a todo, cree haber hecho lo correcto. O <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/460-miguel-hernandez\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez<\/a><\/span> escribiendo que aquella gente era muy bruta, pero que a \u00e9l no le iban a joder. O Miguel de Molina subi\u00e9ndose otra vez al Pav\u00f3n despu\u00e9s de que le den una paliza. Estos presentes peque\u00f1os nos dan una lecci\u00f3n para escapar del miedo y no renunciar a la libertad ni siquiera en las situaciones m\u00e1s extremas.<\/p><p><strong>LENGUA: Tambi\u00e9n hay aqu\u00ed v\u00edctimas nacionales como Perico Corneta, alcalde de Villena, o el cura Gabriel Iniesta, de Las Pedro\u00f1eras \u00bfQu\u00e9 opinas de ese<em> leitmotiv<\/em> tan actual que asegura que en la guerra civil no hubo buenos ni malos?<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Paco Cerd\u00e0:<\/strong> Digamos que intento respetar la inteligencia del lector. No ser\u00eda justo en un retrato de la Espa\u00f1a del 39 quedarnos s\u00f3lo con los represaliados de un sentir ideol\u00f3gico. Soy una persona completamente refractaria a sectarismos y fanatismos. En mi novela<em> 14 de abril,<\/em> por ejemplo, no elud\u00ed el dolor de aquella reina sola en el Palacio real con su hijo hemof\u00edlico. No puedo ni quiero evitar mis empat\u00edas. \u00bfHuir del manique\u00edsmo es lo mismo que la equidistancia? En absoluto. Respeto la inteligencia del lector. Todos sabemos lo que pas\u00f3, c\u00f3mo una rep\u00fablica democr\u00e1tica sufri\u00f3 un golpe de estado que acab\u00f3 imponiendo una dictadura despu\u00e9s de mucha represi\u00f3n y una dur\u00edsima posguerra. Dicho todo esto, si al pobre Andr\u00e9s le vuelan la mand\u00edbula y se convierte en un caballero mutilado que pide por carta a la autoridad que le eviten hacer cola para conseguir alimentos l\u00edquidos, a m\u00ed me da igual que sea uno de los vencedores. Es un hombre jodido por la historia que tiene para m\u00ed el mismo atractivo literario que la vida de Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez. Y yo tengo que contarlo.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"158yfmk\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p class=\\\"MsoNormal\\\"><strong>OTROS\u00a0CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/benito-mussolini-antonio-scurati\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Mussolini para las masas: Scurati y las cuentas con el pasado<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/juan-jose-millas-y-juan-luis-arsuaga-libros-vida-muerte-conciencia\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Mill\u00e1s y Arsuaga, Arsuaga y Mill\u00e1s: la fiesta de la inteligencia debe continuar<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/eudocio-ravines-el-camarada-jorge-y-el-dragon-rafael-dumett-juan-cruz-ruiz\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">El camarada Eudocio Ravines, un agitador ultra en el Per\u00fa del siglo XX<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/sara-barquinero-los-escorpiones-lumen\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Sara Barquinero: \u00abSoy mejor persona cuando miro al horror\u00bb<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/manuel-jabois-mirafiori\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Los fantasmas de Manuel Jabois tocan canciones de amor<\/a><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/beatrice-salvioni-la-malnacida-lumen\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">Beatrice Salvioni: literatura contra el fascismo<\/a><\/span><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"solid\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"1\",\"right\":\"1\",\"bottom\":\"1\",\"left\":\"1\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"20\",\"right\":\"20\",\"bottom\":\"20\",\"left\":\"20\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}}],\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"w5l2epr\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_layout\":\"\",\"stretch_section\":\"section-stretched\",\"layout\":\"full_width\",\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"gap\":\"default\",\"height\":\"default\",\"custom_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":400},\"column_position\":\"middle\",\"content_position\":\"\",\"structure\":\"10\",\"section_background\":\"\",\"background_background\":\"\",\"background_color\":\"\",\"background_color_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":0},\"background_color_b\":\"\",\"background_color_b_stop\":{\"unit\":\"%\",\"size\":100},\"background_gradient_type\":\"linear\",\"background_gradient_angle\":{\"unit\":\"deg\",\"size\":180},\"background_gradient_position\":\"center 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15 minutos
Paco Cerdà. Crédito: Jeosm.

Paco Cerdà. Crédito: Jeosm.

«En cuanto a mi próxima muerte, la espero sin jactancia, porque nunca es alegre morir a mi edad, pero sin protesta». El 20 de noviembre de 1936, un pelotón republicano fusilaba en el patio de la cárcel de Alicante a un joven de 33 años, líder de un partido minúsculo que, sin embargo, estaba a punto de convertirse en un mito, una leyenda, un santo laico para el bando de militares insurrectos que se había alzado contra la legalidad democrática apenas unos meses antes abismando a España en la guerra civil. En el estremecedor testamento que el magnético José Antonio Primo de Rivera, jefe de Falange, escribió antes de morir, se mostraba tal vez no arrepentido, pero sí conciliador, y llamaba a detener una carnicería que no había hecho más que empezar.

Otro 20 de noviembre, tres años después, una extraña y onírica comitiva se puso en marcha entre las ruinas de un país desbaratado. La guerra había terminado con la victoria de los ejércitos de Franco y urgía una reconstrucción no solo material sino también simbólica. De tal forma, un cortejo fúnebre de los vencedores transportó a pie desde Alicante a El Escorial, durante 467 kilómetros, entre antorchas y camisas azules, los restos de aquel joven que no está muy claro que se hubiera llevado muy bien con sus exaltadores. Y, mientras tanto, durante aquellos once días y diez noches, depurados, exiliados, presos y fusilados se hallaban también presentes para contar otra historia, una historia de derrota pero también de resistencia.

Presentes (Alfaguara) es el título del libro fantasmático, desgarrador y deslumbrante con el que el valenciano Paco Cerdà (1985) confirma su posición en primera línea de la nueva generación de escritores internacionales que, como ha hecho Antonio Scurati con Mussolini, han insuflado vida nueva en la manera tradicional de narrar los hechos más terribles del oscuro pasado reciente de Europa. Y sin miedo de buscar la voz de sus villanos. Siguiendo la traza de libros anteriores como El peón (2020) o 14 de abril (2022), Cerdá vuelve a demostrar su capacidad para atender a lo muy grande y lo muy pequeño con una gran literatura, casi elegiaca, sin perder pie en los fanatismos y pendencias que tantas veces hacen naufragar estas singladuras. Y qué botín de historias. Las de Miguel Hernández, Miguel de Molina, Elena Fortún, la Guiomar de Machado y otros personajes célebres y anónimos que pueblan estas páginas.

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VUELVE EL AUTOR DE 14 DE ABRIL Y EL PEÓN , PREMIO CÁLAMO Y NOMINADO AL MEJOR LIBRO EXTRANJERO DE FRANCIA. España, 1939. Once días y sus diez noches. Un viaje de 467 km al corazón de nuestras tinieblas. «Un retrato coral, riguroso, hiperliterario y ...
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LENGUA: Leemos al comenzar el libro: «Para que el pueblo idealice al candidato al que casi nadie votó medio año antes de ser fusilado». A diferencia de Alemania e Italia, el fascismo en España antes de la guerra era residual, ¿verdad?

Paco Cerdà: Esa es una de las claves. En Italia, Mussolini estuvo veintiún años dirigiendo el partido fascista y gobernó. Hitler estuvo veinticuatro años y gobernó. José Antonio sólo fue tres años jefe nacional de la Falange Española y no es que no gobernara, es que logró el 0,4% de los votos, 46.000 papeletas, en las elecciones de 1936. La irrelevancia en términos representativos del fascismo español contrasta, y ese es uno de los asuntos más interesantes de este libro, con el mito que fue capaz de construir el franquismo al elevar a mártir a alguien que no fue capaz de convencer más que a 46.000 personas en un país de 26 millones.

LENGUA: Y, sin embargo, quienes conocieron a Primo de Rivera le recuerdan como una figura dotada de un gran magnetismo personal. Ferlosio, al que José Antonio tuvo en brazos cuando era niño, decía además que era guapísimo. 

Paco Cerdà: Fue un seductor, una persona inteligente con un importante don para la retórica y también un intelectual al que le encantaba rodearse de una corte literaria. Por todo ello, contrasta mucho con Franco, un militar iletrado que odiaba la inteligencia. Pero también es verdad que el discurso de la Falange resultaba demasiado naif y literario para la España de entonces. Más que discurso parecía un relato. Hoy el ideario de José Antonio nos incomoda porque defendía algunas cosas que podríamos compartir. Decía que por España era lícito matar, pero también decía que el capitalismo era una estafa para los trabajadores y había que nacionalizar la banca y atender a la justicia social.

«¿Qué estaría pasando en España al mismo tiempo que aquel cortejo, durante aquellos once días? ¿Cómo lo vivirían otras vidas minúsculas? Porque en aquellos once días se cimentaron las bases simbólicas de la dictadura y también se asentaron las bases de la represión y de la resistencia».

LENGUA: ¿Tú también te has rendido a su hechizo?

Paco Cerdà: No por una frontera básica: la violencia. No podemos nunca perder de vista que José Antonio abogaba por el uso de la violencia, es cierto que en unos años en los que la violencia era moneda común en muchos ámbitos ideológicos distintos. Pero sí que es cierto que he apreciado el valor de esa corte intelectual que quería levantar el listón del debate en este país. Y digo esto sin pretender banalizar la capacidad de seducción del mal. Y el mal es la violencia. Como hizo Scurati con Mussolini, hay que entender cómo funcionan ciertos mecanismos que han sido parte de nuestra historia, si bien en muchas ocasiones de forma nefasta. Y la mejor manera es acercarnos a su ambiente, como he buscado yo en este libro. Una inmersión literal y literaria de cómo germinó y se engrandeció aquella figura política menor en sus inicios que fue José Antonio. Como él decía: «Vale más una ilusión que una realidad».

Berlín, abril de 1937. Integrantes de las Juventudes Hitlerianas enseñan sus armas a varios miembros de una de las organizaciones juveniles de la Falange Española. Crédito: Getty Images.
Berlín, abril de 1937. Integrantes de las Juventudes Hitlerianas enseñan sus armas a varios miembros de una de las organizaciones juveniles de la Falange Española. Crédito: Getty Images.

Arriba: Berlín, abril de 1937. Integrantes de las Juventudes Hitlerianas enseñan sus armas a varios miembros de una de las organizaciones juveniles de la Falange Española. Abajo: Cortejo fúnebre de José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Crédito: Getty Images.

LENGUA: Todo empezó con un vídeo, cuentas al final del libro. Aquel vídeo del traslado de los restos de José Antonio entre Alicante y El Escorial, entre hogueras, en una España destruida y hambrienta que erigió un santo secular para la dictadura, ¿era demasiado bueno y poco conocido como para no contarlo?

Paco Cerdà: Así fue. Al igual que me había ocurrido con mi libro anterior, El peón, cuya mecha prendió mientras veía un Informe Robinson sobre Arturito Pomar, también por cierto instrumentalizado por el franquismo. Entonces inventé un dispositivo de setenta y siete fragmentos literarios como setenta y siete movimientos tuvo la partida de Pomar contra Bobby Fischer para contar la historia de otros muchos peones sacrificados en el altar de una causa colectiva: antifranquistas, exiliados, falangistas, curas… Ahora he vuelto a hacer algo parecido. Encontré hace unos años por azar en YouTube un vídeo rodado en 1939 y titulado Presente en el entierro de José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Y vi una España tan fascista que me costaba reconocerla. ¿Cómo era posible? Estamos acostumbrados a la brutalidad y el feísmo del franquismo, pero esto ocurrió en los primeros meses de la dictadura y exhibía una plástica fascista asombrosa: hachones de fuego, hogueras, antorchas, caminatas interminables, día y noche, bajo el frío invernal, la soledad de los campos de Castilla. Y todo para trasladar a un muerto. La cultura de la muerte guiando a todo un país. Aquellas imágenes me impactaron mucho y me pregunté cómo habría sido en realidad aquel cortejo. Soy periodista y me gusta contar una buena historia, pero lo que en seguida se activó en mí fue la pulsión de pensar un juego de espejos: ¿qué estaría pasando en España al mismo tiempo que aquel cortejo, durante aquellos once días? ¿Cómo lo vivirían otras vidas minúsculas? Porque en aquellos once días se cimentaron las bases simbólicas de la dictadura y también se asentaron las bases de la represión y de la resistencia. 

LENGUA: Del ausente al presente. La muerte de José Antonio se ocultó en el bando nacional hasta muy tarde. De no haber sido ejecutado, ¿podría haber impedido la Unificación e incluso haber sido un competidor para Franco?

Paco Cerdà: Te confieso que he dedicado muy poco tiempo a imaginar esos escenarios. No me interesa mucho la historia-ficción. Sí diría que a Franco no le interesaba un José Antonio vivo, pero muerto sí le resultó muy útil. Ellos dos solo coincidieron una vez. No se soportaban. El franquismo convirtió a José Antonio en un santo laico despojado de su tiempo, ahistórico, una virtud vaciada. De haber resucitado, por decirlo de forma burda, el jefe de Falange habría alucinado con el régimen.

«Hoy el ideario de José Antonio nos incomoda porque defendía algunas cosas que podríamos compartir. Decía que por España era lícito matar, pero también decía que el capitalismo era una estafa para los trabajadores y había que nacionalizar la banca y atender a la justicia social». 

LENGUA: Cuenta la leyenda que, en sus últimos momentos, José Antonio se mostraba sinceramente arrepentido de haber contribuido a la carnicería de la guerra civil, casi parece que es un moderado. ¿Es creíble o solo una comprensible y desesperada operación para salvarse?

Paco Cerdà: Es una duda interesante pero muy difícil de dilucidar. José Antonio fue fusilado en el patio de una cárcel a los 33 años. Se nos olvida lo joven que era. Es imposible regodearse en algo tan trágico. Y su familia sufrió mucho, un hermano y un tío suyo fueron también fusilados… ¡No se puede comparar con Franco! Franco dio el golpe, hizo la guerra y firmó un montón de sentencias de muerte. José Antonio fue fusilado cuando la guerra apenas llevaba cuatro meses. ¿Qué males podemos atribuirle entonces? No sé si mostrarse reconciliador en sus momentos finales fue o no un ardid. Pero sí sé que su testamento final está lleno de sentimiento. Es un documento histórico interesantísimo para comprender el estado de un hombre que contribuyó a incendiar el clima político de este país, un admirador de Benito Mussolini, no precisamente el padre Ángel, y que en ese momento clama que la guerra es un error, pide que pare y se ofrece para contribuir a conformar un gobierno de unidad nacional. Debemos contrastar el José Antonio final con el José Antonio camorrista inicial. Me gusta creer que me acerco a la historia de una forma compleja y sin maniqueísmos.

LENGUA: Si Falange Española fue más una generación literaria que un movimiento político, no podemos decir que legara versos precisamente inolvidables, ¿verdad?

Paco Cerdà: Es que media entre nosotros y aquella literatura un obstáculo insalvable: no es literatura inocente. Las plumas de la corte literaria falangista resultan muy desiguales, pero, en cualquier caso, sí eran muy eficaces para el propósito que pretendían. Agustín de Foxá, Rafael Sánchez Mazas, Dionisio Ridruejo, el en todos los sentidos descomunal Giménez Caballero. Leyéndoles aprendemos cómo se construyó todo un relato romántico y apasionado que no deja indiferente. En Presentes quise que, de alguna manera, vibrara todo aquello en los pasajes del cortejo de José Antonio para ponernos en situación.

Paco Cerdà. Crédito: Jeosm.

Paco Cerdà. Crédito: Jeosm.

LENGUA: Quiero preguntarte por tu fascinación por Pilar Primo de Rivera, la hermanísima que ya salía en El peón, a la que describes como un monstruo de ambición, «una mujer que predicaba sin el ejemplo».

Paco Cerdà: Pilar Primo de Rivera muestra cómo el cinismo a veces puede conseguir sus ambiciones. Pedía a las mujeres que se casaran y ella no se casó. Que tuvieran hijos y ella no los tuvo. Que se quedaran en el hogar y ella era un monstruo de la arena pública con unas tremendas dotes de liderazgo. Dirigió el movimiento femenino más grande la historia de España, la Sección Femenina, que tanta influencia tuvo en las conciencias de las mujeres de este país. Su figura es una especie de eslabón perdido entre las nuevas mujeres de la II República como las Sinsombrero, que consigue el voto femenino, y la posterior mujer española de la dictadura presa del hogar. Su hermano, además, le fascinaba y no dudó en enfrentarse por él a Franco ni en aplastar a todas sus competidoras. No era fácil ser una mujer así en 1939.

«Franco y Primo de Rivera solo coincidieron una vez. No se soportaban. El franquismo convirtió a José Antonio en un santo laico despojado de su tiempo, ahistórico, una virtud vaciada. De haber resucitado, por decirlo de forma burda, el jefe de la Falange habría alucinado con el régimen».

LENGUA: Presentes, aunque también escondidos y muertos de miedo, están aquí los derrotados que van pespunteando tu relato. ¿Es ese coro trágico el verdadero protagonista de esta historia?

Paco Cerdà: ¡Sí! Por eso están en el título: Presentes. En aquellos once días coinciden tres grandes estrategias, la exaltación, la apropiación y la ocultación. Esta ocultación era lo que más me apetecía reconstruir y también lo más difícil. Conectar distintos tipos de resistencias y represiones que confluyeran durante aquellos once días. El atrezo del cortejo fúnebre es el pueblo que sale a la calle porque no le quedan más cojones de mostrar compunción y levantar el brazo. Pero el protagonista real es eso que tú has llamado coro trágico. Y había tragedia, sí, pero también épica, la épica de la resistencia que late en los campos de trabajos forzados, en las cárceles, en el exilio o en los documentos íntimos. Cuando yo leo las cartas de aquellas gentes, siento que me acerco más que nunca a la verdad de la historia. Mucho más que en la prensa y en los archivos. Las cartas de Marcelino a su esposa Benigna, por ejemplo, desde el campo de Francia, con todas sus obsesiones, del Quijote a los bichos, mientras le asegura que, pese a todo, cree haber hecho lo correcto. O Miguel Hernández escribiendo que aquella gente era muy bruta, pero que a él no le iban a joder. O Miguel de Molina subiéndose otra vez al Pavón después de que le den una paliza. Estos presentes pequeños nos dan una lección para escapar del miedo y no renunciar a la libertad ni siquiera en las situaciones más extremas.

LENGUA: También hay aquí víctimas nacionales como Perico Corneta, alcalde de Villena, o el cura Gabriel Iniesta, de Las Pedroñeras ¿Qué opinas de ese leitmotiv tan actual que asegura que en la guerra civil no hubo buenos ni malos?

Paco Cerdà: Digamos que intento respetar la inteligencia del lector. No sería justo en un retrato de la España del 39 quedarnos sólo con los represaliados de un sentir ideológico. Soy una persona completamente refractaria a sectarismos y fanatismos. En mi novela 14 de abril, por ejemplo, no eludí el dolor de aquella reina sola en el Palacio real con su hijo hemofílico. No puedo ni quiero evitar mis empatías. ¿Huir del maniqueísmo es lo mismo que la equidistancia? En absoluto. Respeto la inteligencia del lector. Todos sabemos lo que pasó, cómo una república democrática sufrió un golpe de estado que acabó imponiendo una dictadura después de mucha represión y una durísima posguerra. Dicho todo esto, si al pobre Andrés le vuelan la mandíbula y se convierte en un caballero mutilado que pide por carta a la autoridad que le eviten hacer cola para conseguir alimentos líquidos, a mí me da igual que sea uno de los vencedores. Es un hombre jodido por la historia que tiene para mí el mismo atractivo literario que la vida de Miguel Hernández. Y yo tengo que contarlo.

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