Entrevistas

John Boyne y los demonios del pasado: del Holocausto al trauma de los abusos sexuales

Necesitó nueve novelas para atreverse a hablar de su propio país, Irlanda. Tuvo que escribir sobre la Primera Guerra Mundial, sobre la Rusia zarista, sobre el Holocausto y sobre muchos temas más antes de abrir su corazón y contar la verdad sobre la tierra que lo vio nacer. Primero lo hizo con «Las huellas del silencio» (2020), donde convirtió en ficción los casos de abusos sexuales a menores por parte de sacerdotes católicos, y ahora repite con «Las furias invisibles del corazón» (Salamandra), donde relata la lucha de los homosexuales por encontrar la libertad en una nación controlada por la Iglesia.

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personaliza esa transformaci\u00f3n<a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/232847-las-furias-invisibles-del-corazon-9788418107795\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"> <\/a><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/232847-las-furias-invisibles-del-corazon-9788418107795\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">en la figura de Cyril<\/a><\/span>, un anciano que nos cuenta c\u00f3mo, durante su juventud, tuvo que ocultar su condici\u00f3n sexual por miedo a las represalias y que alcanz\u00f3 la libertad cuando cogi\u00f3 las maletas y abandon\u00f3 su pa\u00eds, algo que tambi\u00e9n hizo su creador a la edad de veintid\u00f3s a\u00f1os, \u00abcuando comprend\u00ed que solo llevar\u00eda la vida que a m\u00ed me apetec\u00eda si me marchaba\u00bb. Y contin\u00faa: \u00abEn Irlanda siempre ten\u00eda miedo y ocultaba mis sentimientos. Pero, <strong>cuando sal\u00ed a conocer mundo, dej\u00e9 de esconder mi identidad y empec\u00e9 a vivir plenamente mi existencia,<\/strong> que es\u00a0justo lo que le ocurre a mi personaje\u00bb.<\/p><p>Cyril elige como primer destino \u00c1msterdam, por aquel entonces la ciudad m\u00e1s liberal de Europa, y all\u00ed tropieza con una de las obsesiones de Boyne: el Holocausto. El protagonista trabaja en la Casa-Museo de\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/456-anne-frank\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Anna Frank<\/a><\/span> y conoce a unos ancianos que estuvieron presos en un campo de concentraci\u00f3n. \u00abEl Holocausto vuelve a m\u00ed constantemente \u2014comenta el autor sin ocultar la sorpresa que esto sigue produci\u00e9ndole\u2014. No s\u00e9 por qu\u00e9, pero mis personajes siempre terminan vinculados a ese asunto. 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Pero, cuando sal\u00ed a conocer mundo, dej\u00e9 de esconder mi identidad y empec\u00e9 a vivir plenamente mi existencia, que es justo lo que le ocurre a mi personaje\u00bb.\u00a0<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"voyutod\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>Cyril tambi\u00e9n vivir\u00e1 en el Nueva York de la d\u00e9cada de los ochenta, ciudad a la que Boyne le lleva porque considera que el tema del sida tampoco ha sido demasiado trabajado por sus colegas escritores: \u00abEso me sorprendi\u00f3 much\u00edsimo. <strong>Ahora mismo estamos sumidos en una pandemia, pero no es la primera que vivimos, sino la m\u00e1s reciente<\/strong>. El sida fue otra pandemia de la que, sin embargo, nunca se habl\u00f3 abiertamente. Se la consideraba un asunto s\u00f3rdido, propio de degenerados, algo que incluso produc\u00eda asco a los no infectados, y no se luch\u00f3 por su erradicaci\u00f3n del mismo modo en que <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/david-quammen-contagio-federico-kukso\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">lo estamos haciendo ahora con el coronavirus<\/a><\/span>\u00bb.<\/p><p>As\u00ed pues, Boyne ha escrito una novela sobre la identidad tanto nacional como personal. Narrada por un hombre que cuenta su vida desde la senectud, y que a veces lo hace con un sentido del humor que evoca al mism\u00edsimo John Irving \u2014a quien, por cierto, el autor dedica la novela\u2014, <em>Las furias invisibles del coraz\u00f3n<\/em> discurre entre 1945 y 2015, pero ese periodo de tiempo no solo le sirve al autor para resumir los sufrimientos de la minor\u00eda homosexual, sino tambi\u00e9n para rendir tributo a <strong>otro colectivo igualmente silenciado en la sociedad irlandesa: las mujeres.<\/strong> Y es que el protagonista de esta novela es hijo de una madre soltera a quien,\u00a0con tan solo diecis\u00e9is a\u00f1os, un sacerdote expulsa del pueblo desde el p\u00falpito de la parroquia. \u00abEsas cosas pasaban en la Irlanda rural \u2014aclara el autor\u2014. Se obligaba a las adolescentes embarazadas a entregar a sus hijos en adopci\u00f3n y a clausurarse en conventos, mientras que a los padres de esas criaturas no se les reprend\u00eda de ning\u00fan modo. Pero la madre de mi protagonista no acepta esa situaci\u00f3n y decide marcharse a Dubl\u00edn resuelta a vivir la vida seg\u00fan sus propias reglas. <strong>No quiere ser v\u00edctima, sino alguien que controla su destino\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#1a1a1a\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"18\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Fort-Book\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"27\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"ggjmpxb\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>\u00abLas autoras irlandesas del siglo XX nunca obtuvieron el reconocimiento de sus colegas masculinos. 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Pero a ellas se las silenciaba y se las apartaba\u00bb.<\/p>\",\"section_style\":\"\",\"align\":\"\",\"align_tablet\":\"\",\"align_mobile\":\"\",\"text_color\":\"#000000\",\"typography_typography\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_size\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"40\"},\"typography_font_size_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_font_size_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"24\"},\"typography_font_family\":\"custom\",\"typography_font_family_custom\":\"Vollkorn\",\"typography_font_weight\":\"\",\"typography_text_transform\":\"\",\"typography_font_style\":\"\",\"typography_line_height\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"45\"},\"typography_line_height_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"em\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_line_height_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"30\"},\"typography_letter_spacing\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"typography_letter_spacing_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\"},\"_section_style\":\"\",\"_margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"95\",\"bottom\":\"58\",\"left\":\"95\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"30\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"30\",\"isLinked\":false},\"_margin_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_animation\":\"\",\"animation_duration\":\"\",\"_css_classes\":\"\",\"_section_background\":\"\",\"_background_background\":\"\",\"_background_color\":\"\",\"_background_image\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_background_position\":\"\",\"_background_attachment\":\"\",\"_background_repeat\":\"\",\"_background_size\":\"\",\"_background_video_link\":\"\",\"_background_video_fallback\":{\"url\":\"\",\"id\":\"\"},\"_border_border\":\"\",\"_border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_border_color\":\"\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"\",\"right\":\"\",\"bottom\":\"\",\"left\":\"\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow_type\":\"\",\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":0,\"blur\":10,\"spread\":0,\"inset\":\"\",\"color\":\"rgba(0,0,0,0.5)\"},\"_section_responsive\":\"\",\"responsive_description\":\"\",\"hide_desktop\":\"\",\"hide_tablet\":\"\",\"hide_mobile\":\"\"},\"defaultEditSettings\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\",\"editSettings\":{}},{\"id\":\"1u6c91u\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"isInner\":false,\"settings\":{\"section_editor\":\"\",\"editor\":\"<p>De igual modo, el autor presenta a una segunda mujer, la madre adoptiva del personaje principal, que es una escritora tan consciente de que la sociedad nunca la dejar\u00e1 triunfar que decide rechazar la posibilidad de alcanzar el \u00e9xito, escud\u00e1ndose en la idea de que buscar lectores es una ordinariez. <strong>\u00abLas autoras irlandesas del siglo XX nunca obtuvieron el reconocimiento de sus colegas masculinos<\/strong>\u00a0\u2014reflexiona Boyne ante la pantalla de su ordenador\u2014. A ellos se les ensalzaba constantemente y lograban tanta fama que incluso sal\u00edan en los calendarios.<strong> Pero a ellas se las silenciaba y se las apartaba\u00bb<\/strong>.<\/p><p><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/232847-las-furias-invisibles-del-corazon-9788418107795\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Las furias invisibles del coraz\u00f3n<\/a><\/em><\/span>\u00a0es la segunda ficci\u00f3n que Boyne escribe sobre la historia reciente de su pa\u00eds y, por ende, sobre su propia vida. Las obras anteriores eran novelas hist\u00f3ricas que, de alg\u00fan modo, segu\u00edan la estela de <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><em><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/novela-historica\/37459-el-nino-con-el-pijama-de-rayas-9788498382549\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">El ni\u00f1o con el pijama de rayas<\/a><\/em><\/span>, un libro que escribi\u00f3 en un arrebato de lucidez que le dur\u00f3 sesenta horas y que concluy\u00f3 con una narraci\u00f3n que habr\u00eda de valerle siete millones de lectores en todo el planeta. Tras aquel \u00e9xito \u2014que incluso fue llevado a la gran pantalla por Mark Herman\u2014, el autor sigui\u00f3 explorando los grandes acontecimientos de la Europa del siglo XX y, nueve novelas despu\u00e9s de su irrupci\u00f3n en la escena narrativa, volvi\u00f3 la mirada hacia su pa\u00eds y descubri\u00f3 que no necesitaba viajar tanto para encontrar material literario: \u00abEn la primera parte de mi carrera profesional, la posibilidad de hablar sobre Irlanda me pon\u00eda nervioso. <strong>Me sent\u00eda m\u00e1s c\u00f3modo escribiendo historias que no tuvieran relaci\u00f3n ni con mi propio pa\u00eds ni conmigo mismo.<\/strong> Pero un d\u00eda decid\u00ed probar suerte y fue entonces cuando comprend\u00ed que ten\u00eda muchas cosas que contar sobre 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primero que narr\u00f3 fueron los casos de pederastia surgidos en el seno de la Iglesia cat\u00f3lica. De hecho, <strong>en las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas 1.300 sacerdotes irlandeses han sido acusados de abusar sexualmente de menores, uno de los cuales fue el propio Boyne,<\/strong> que alcanzada cierta edad decidi\u00f3 dar un paso al frente y denunciar su caso ante las autoridades\u2026 y ante los lectores. Hab\u00eda vivido m\u00e1s de treinta a\u00f1os con aquel trauma metido dentro, pero el esc\u00e1ndalo propiciado cuando todo aquel asunto sali\u00f3 a la luz y la comprensi\u00f3n de que \u00e9l no hab\u00eda sido responsable de lo sucedido, sino una mera v\u00edctima, hizo que estallara. El resultado fue <span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/literatura-contemporanea\/38411-las-huellas-del-silencio-9788498389913\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><em>Las huellas del silencio<\/em><\/a><\/span> (Salamandra, 2000), una novela en la que convierte su propio sufrimiento en ficci\u00f3n y en la que, no obstante, solo acusa a los sacerdotes de aquella \u00e9poca, y no a los actuales. Y es que Boyne siempre ha dicho que no quiere demonizar a la Iglesia, algo sumamente extra\u00f1o habida cuenta de lo que sus representantes hicieron con \u00e9l. \u00abCreo que esa instituci\u00f3n ha cambiado mucho \u2014dice en la actualidad\u2014. La de la Irlanda de mi juventud era una Iglesia que controlaba al gobierno y que hac\u00eda lo que quer\u00eda con los feligreses, pero hoy tenemos a\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/el-papa-francisco-a-las-neurosis-hay-que-cebarles-mate\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\">un<\/span> Papa, Francisco I<\/a><\/span>, que parece un hombre decente y que <strong>est\u00e1 devolviendo la Iglesia a sus or\u00edgenes, es decir, a la \u00e9poca en la que los curas solo buscaban ayudar al pr\u00f3jimo\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p><p>Al leer estas declaraciones en las que Boyne no muestra ning\u00fan tipo de rencor hacia la instituci\u00f3n que destroz\u00f3 su infancia, uno no puede m\u00e1s que pensar en aquella afirmaci\u00f3n de\u00a0<span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/biografias\/11627-sigmund-freud-9788499925288\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Sigmund Freud<\/a><\/span> seg\u00fan la cual el psicoan\u00e1lisis es un m\u00e9todo muy efectivo salvo en el caso de los irlandeses. Pero entonces el autor a\u00f1ade una frase que nos hace comprender su enorme capacidad para mirar hacia delante y perdonar los errores que otros cometieron incluso con su propio cuerpo: <strong>\u00abSi no tomas la decisi\u00f3n de olvidar el pasado, ellos seguir\u00e1n controlando tu vida\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p><p><\/p><p><br \/><br \/><strong>OTROS CONTENIDOS DE INTER\u00c9S:<\/strong><\/p><p><\/p><ul><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/cine-y-series\/gente-normal-el-amor-ante-toda-diferencia-social\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"><em>Gente normal<\/em>, el amor ante toda diferencia social<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/patrick-radden-keefe-no-digas-nada-ira-irlanda-del-norte\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Patrick Radden Keefe y el IRA: un regreso literario a los a\u00f1os de plomo en Irlanda del Norte<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\/\/www.penguinlibros.com\/es\/revista-lengua\/entrevistas\/todo-esta-guardado-en-la-memoria-de-edna-o-brien\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\">Todo est\u00e1 guardado en la memoria de Edna 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10 minutos

Por  Álvaro Colomer

Crédito: Rich Gilligan.

Por ÁLVARO COLOMER


John Boyne siempre sintió fascinación por el rostro cuarteado de W. H. Auden. Contemplaba su cara llena de surcos, pliegues y dobleces, y recordaba las palabras de Hannah Arendt cuando dijo que la piel de aquel poeta era la manifestación de las furias invisibles que escondía en su corazón. El escritor irlandés nunca pudo quitarse esa frase de la cabeza y el día en que decidió ficcionar la historia de la homosexualidad en la Irlanda reciente, pensó que aquella cita era el título perfecto para su novela: Las furias invisibles del corazón.

Poco después, entregó a su editor una narración que abarca las últimas siete décadas de un país que en 1993 todavía penaba a los homosexuales, pero que en 2015 fue el primero en el mundo en aprobar el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. Un país, por tanto, que en apenas veintidós años sufrió una transformación tan difícil de explicar que Boyne ha necesitado setecientas páginas para hacerlo. «El salto que dio Irlanda es algo extraordinario —comenta desde su casa en Dublín—. Creo que los cambios empezaron cuando, en 1990, Mary Robinson ganó las elecciones. Fue la primera mujer en alcanzar la Jefatura del Estado sin, además, provenir de ninguno de los partidos tradicionales. Su mandato coincidió con la aparición de los primeros casos de pederastia por parte de la Iglesia católica y toda la sociedad, en parte espoleada por ella, empezó a reflexionar sobre el daño que había hecho a sus propios hijos al permitir que estuvieran en manos de unos sacerdotes más poderosos incluso que los propios gobernantes. La gente se detuvo a pensar y todos nos dimos cuenta de que no queríamos seguir siendo así. En aquel momento, Irlanda cambió para siempre».

Boyne personaliza esa transformación en la figura de Cyril, un anciano que nos cuenta cómo, durante su juventud, tuvo que ocultar su condición sexual por miedo a las represalias y que alcanzó la libertad cuando cogió las maletas y abandonó su país, algo que también hizo su creador a la edad de veintidós años, «cuando comprendí que solo llevaría la vida que a mí me apetecía si me marchaba». Y continúa: «En Irlanda siempre tenía miedo y ocultaba mis sentimientos. Pero, cuando salí a conocer mundo, dejé de esconder mi identidad y empecé a vivir plenamente mi existencia, que es justo lo que le ocurre a mi personaje».

Cyril elige como primer destino Ámsterdam, por aquel entonces la ciudad más liberal de Europa, y allí tropieza con una de las obsesiones de Boyne: el Holocausto. El protagonista trabaja en la Casa-Museo de Anna Frank y conoce a unos ancianos que estuvieron presos en un campo de concentración. «El Holocausto vuelve a mí constantemente —comenta el autor sin ocultar la sorpresa que esto sigue produciéndole—. No sé por qué, pero mis personajes siempre terminan vinculados a ese asunto. Mientras escribía esta novela, me di cuenta de que el tema de la homosexualidad durante el genocidio nazi no había sido demasiado tratado por la literatura y creo que hay que abordar ese asunto, porque sin duda es parte de nuestra historia».

Pasado y presente

«En Irlanda siempre tenía miedo y ocultaba mis sentimientos. Pero, cuando salí a conocer mundo, dejé de esconder mi identidad y empecé a vivir plenamente mi existencia, que es justo lo que le ocurre a mi personaje». 

Cyril también vivirá en el Nueva York de la década de los ochenta, ciudad a la que Boyne le lleva porque considera que el tema del sida tampoco ha sido demasiado trabajado por sus colegas escritores: «Eso me sorprendió muchísimo. Ahora mismo estamos sumidos en una pandemia, pero no es la primera que vivimos, sino la más reciente. El sida fue otra pandemia de la que, sin embargo, nunca se habló abiertamente. Se la consideraba un asunto sórdido, propio de degenerados, algo que incluso producía asco a los no infectados, y no se luchó por su erradicación del mismo modo en que lo estamos haciendo ahora con el coronavirus».

Así pues, Boyne ha escrito una novela sobre la identidad tanto nacional como personal. Narrada por un hombre que cuenta su vida desde la senectud, y que a veces lo hace con un sentido del humor que evoca al mismísimo John Irving —a quien, por cierto, el autor dedica la novela—, Las furias invisibles del corazón discurre entre 1945 y 2015, pero ese periodo de tiempo no solo le sirve al autor para resumir los sufrimientos de la minoría homosexual, sino también para rendir tributo a otro colectivo igualmente silenciado en la sociedad irlandesa: las mujeres. Y es que el protagonista de esta novela es hijo de una madre soltera a quien, con tan solo dieciséis años, un sacerdote expulsa del pueblo desde el púlpito de la parroquia. «Esas cosas pasaban en la Irlanda rural —aclara el autor—. Se obligaba a las adolescentes embarazadas a entregar a sus hijos en adopción y a clausurarse en conventos, mientras que a los padres de esas criaturas no se les reprendía de ningún modo. Pero la madre de mi protagonista no acepta esa situación y decide marcharse a Dublín resuelta a vivir la vida según sus propias reglas. No quiere ser víctima, sino alguien que controla su destino».

«Las autoras irlandesas del siglo XX nunca obtuvieron el reconocimiento de sus colegas masculinos. A ellos se les ensalzaba constantemente y lograban tanta fama que incluso salían en los calendarios. Pero a ellas se las silenciaba y se las apartaba».

De igual modo, el autor presenta a una segunda mujer, la madre adoptiva del personaje principal, que es una escritora tan consciente de que la sociedad nunca la dejará triunfar que decide rechazar la posibilidad de alcanzar el éxito, escudándose en la idea de que buscar lectores es una ordinariez. «Las autoras irlandesas del siglo XX nunca obtuvieron el reconocimiento de sus colegas masculinos —reflexiona Boyne ante la pantalla de su ordenador—. A ellos se les ensalzaba constantemente y lograban tanta fama que incluso salían en los calendarios. Pero a ellas se las silenciaba y se las apartaba».

Las furias invisibles del corazón es la segunda ficción que Boyne escribe sobre la historia reciente de su país y, por ende, sobre su propia vida. Las obras anteriores eran novelas históricas que, de algún modo, seguían la estela de El niño con el pijama de rayas, un libro que escribió en un arrebato de lucidez que le duró sesenta horas y que concluyó con una narración que habría de valerle siete millones de lectores en todo el planeta. Tras aquel éxito —que incluso fue llevado a la gran pantalla por Mark Herman—, el autor siguió explorando los grandes acontecimientos de la Europa del siglo XX y, nueve novelas después de su irrupción en la escena narrativa, volvió la mirada hacia su país y descubrió que no necesitaba viajar tanto para encontrar material literario: «En la primera parte de mi carrera profesional, la posibilidad de hablar sobre Irlanda me ponía nervioso. Me sentía más cómodo escribiendo historias que no tuvieran relación ni con mi propio país ni conmigo mismo. Pero un día decidí probar suerte y fue entonces cuando comprendí que tenía muchas cosas que contar sobre Irlanda».

Crédito: Rich Gilligan.

Lo primero que narró fueron los casos de pederastia surgidos en el seno de la Iglesia católica. De hecho, en las últimas décadas 1.300 sacerdotes irlandeses han sido acusados de abusar sexualmente de menores, uno de los cuales fue el propio Boyne, que alcanzada cierta edad decidió dar un paso al frente y denunciar su caso ante las autoridades… y ante los lectores. Había vivido más de treinta años con aquel trauma metido dentro, pero el escándalo propiciado cuando todo aquel asunto salió a la luz y la comprensión de que él no había sido responsable de lo sucedido, sino una mera víctima, hizo que estallara. El resultado fue Las huellas del silencio (Salamandra, 2000), una novela en la que convierte su propio sufrimiento en ficción y en la que, no obstante, solo acusa a los sacerdotes de aquella época, y no a los actuales. Y es que Boyne siempre ha dicho que no quiere demonizar a la Iglesia, algo sumamente extraño habida cuenta de lo que sus representantes hicieron con él. «Creo que esa institución ha cambiado mucho —dice en la actualidad—. La de la Irlanda de mi juventud era una Iglesia que controlaba al gobierno y que hacía lo que quería con los feligreses, pero hoy tenemos a un Papa, Francisco I, que parece un hombre decente y que está devolviendo la Iglesia a sus orígenes, es decir, a la época en la que los curas solo buscaban ayudar al prójimo».

Al leer estas declaraciones en las que Boyne no muestra ningún tipo de rencor hacia la institución que destrozó su infancia, uno no puede más que pensar en aquella afirmación de Sigmund Freud según la cual el psicoanálisis es un método muy efectivo salvo en el caso de los irlandeses. Pero entonces el autor añade una frase que nos hace comprender su enorme capacidad para mirar hacia delante y perdonar los errores que otros cometieron incluso con su propio cuerpo: «Si no tomas la decisión de olvidar el pasado, ellos seguirán controlando tu vida».



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